Majid Rahemi; Fateme Yazdani; Sahar Sedaghat
Abstract
Selection of frost tolerant cultivars and understanding the mechanisms of frost hardiness could help to improve freezing resistance in olive plants. Olive cultivars may differ in frost hardiness due to differential survival of specific organs. The aim of this study was to screen different olive cultivars ...
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Selection of frost tolerant cultivars and understanding the mechanisms of frost hardiness could help to improve freezing resistance in olive plants. Olive cultivars may differ in frost hardiness due to differential survival of specific organs. The aim of this study was to screen different olive cultivars based on their stomatal density and metabolic modifications under cold conditions. The ‘Zard’ cultivar had the lowest while ‘Derak’ had the highest stomatal density, respectively. In another experiment, where entire potted olive plants were subjected to freezing stress (0, -6, -12 and -18 ˚C), ‘Zard’ and ‘Dehghan’ were found to be the most tolerant cultivars. They showed the lowest starch content, ionic leakage and wood injury. They also had the highest reducing sugar, phenolic and proline contents among studied cultivars. We concluded that ‘Zard’ and ‘Dehghan’ are the most tolerant cultivars and ‘Derak’, ‘Dakal’ and ‘Shiraz’ are the most sensitive cultivars to freezing injury.
Mohammad Hosein Shamshiri; Mohammad Reza Hasani
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the combined effects of salicylic acid (SA) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) (Glomus mosseae) symbiosis on the growth of pistachio seedlings (Pistacia vera ‘Abareqi’) grown in the greenhouse under different drought stress (DS) levels. The arbuscular ...
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This study was conducted to determine the combined effects of salicylic acid (SA) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) (Glomus mosseae) symbiosis on the growth of pistachio seedlings (Pistacia vera ‘Abareqi’) grown in the greenhouse under different drought stress (DS) levels. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization or exogenous SA treatment could increase ‘Abareqi’ pistachio seedlings tolerance to DS. Application of SA on AMF-inoculated seedlings further promoted drought tolerance, as indicated by an alleviated plant biomass and water relations compared to the respective treatments. The analysis of proline and soluble carbohydrates showed that the increased drought tolerance in the treated plants may be associated, at least in part, with increasing of proline accumulation in the leaves of stressed plants.
Rouzbeh Abbaszadeh; Kosar Alimohammad; Romina Zarrabi Ekbatani
Abstract
Fig (Ficus carica L.) is a perishable fruit and it needs to use new techniques in order to increase shelf life of this product. In present study, atmospheric cold plasma as a non-thermal treatment was utilized for preserving fresh fig quality. Dielectric barrier discharge plasma was applied to fruits ...
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Fig (Ficus carica L.) is a perishable fruit and it needs to use new techniques in order to increase shelf life of this product. In present study, atmospheric cold plasma as a non-thermal treatment was utilized for preserving fresh fig quality. Dielectric barrier discharge plasma was applied to fruits in two steps. Durations of first treatments were 1 and 5 minutes. Based on this step results, main experiments were conducted for 30, 90 and 180s and cold plasma was applied to packed and unpacked fig samples. Quality was sensory evaluated in terms of color, texture, odor, appearance and overall acceptance. Firmness, color indices (L*, a* and b*),, total soluble solids and pH were also determined. Subjective measurements showed significant shelf life improvement of treated figs compared to control samples while objective quality attributes were not changed except pH and a* which are not undesired. Direct application of plasma for 90 s and in-package treatment for 30 s were suggested for further investigation and considering the practical aspects, pulsed plasma processing of packed figs for 30 s is recommended. It is concluded that atmospheric cold plasma has a potential for prolonging the shelf life of fresh fig fruits.
Mohsen Azadbakht; Mohammad Javad Mahmoodi; Mohammad Vahedi Torshizi
Abstract
Nowadays, due to the necessity of increasing quality awareness in the food sector and its health, the non-destructive computed tomography (CT) method, which is one of the most widely used methods because of the ability to detect internal bruise in a non-destructive way, attracted so much attention. By ...
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Nowadays, due to the necessity of increasing quality awareness in the food sector and its health, the non-destructive computed tomography (CT) method, which is one of the most widely used methods because of the ability to detect internal bruise in a non-destructive way, attracted so much attention. By using the non-destructive CT method a total of 81 healthy pears was selected and then subjected to quasi-static and dynamical loading. The experiment was performed on wide edge quasi-static pressure of 70, 100, 130 N and thin edge of 15, 20, 25 N and dynamic load of 300, 350, 400 g and storage period for 5, 10 and 15 days, to investigate the different effects of loading forces and storage periods on the percentage of the bruise and its relation with the qualitative properties such as phenol, antioxidant and vitamin C contents and firmness. The results of the experiments showed that the highest and lowest percentages of the bruise were related to a load of 400 N of 15 days and a 15 N 5-day thin line with values of 47.36 and 0.007, respectively. The highest and lowest physiological values were 15 N load of the 5-day thin edge and the 400 N of 15-day impact. Finally, the highest antioxidant content was 51.5% for 300 g dynamic loading force and 5- day storage, 28.86 mg/100g phenol for loading force of 70 N wide edge and 5 day storage and 7.4 mg/100ml vitamin C for loading force of 70 N wide edge and 5 day storage. Finally, according to the obtained results, there was an inverse relationship between the amount of bruising and chemical properties of pear.
Azam Nikbakht Dehkordi; Nadali Babaeian; Sajede Karimpour; Pedro Martinez-Gomez; Manuel Rubio; Nadali Bagheri
Abstract
Plum pox or sharka, a viral disease caused by Plum pox virus (PPV), severely affects the production of Prunus species in Europe. The first evidence of sharka was reported in Iran in 2000 . Due to the economic impact of this disease on crop production, recent advances in the term of biology, epidemiology, ...
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Plum pox or sharka, a viral disease caused by Plum pox virus (PPV), severely affects the production of Prunus species in Europe. The first evidence of sharka was reported in Iran in 2000 . Due to the economic impact of this disease on crop production, recent advances in the term of biology, epidemiology, and disease management are provided in this paper to assure awareness among growers and professionals involved in Prunus production. This study will provide fundamental knowledge about this virus to guaranty the successful detection and controlling of sharka disease in Iran.
Peter Abraham; Olalekan Oyeleke Banwo; Boniface David Kashina; Mathew Dada Alegbejo
Abstract
This study is aimed to detect weed hosts of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV) in field-grown tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) in Sudan savanna regions (Gombe, Jigawa and Kano states) of Nigeria during 2017 and 2018 dry and wet seasons. Three farms each from three Local Government Areas (LGAs) of ...
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This study is aimed to detect weed hosts of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV) in field-grown tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) in Sudan savanna regions (Gombe, Jigawa and Kano states) of Nigeria during 2017 and 2018 dry and wet seasons. Three farms each from three Local Government Areas (LGAs) of each state were surveyed. Ten symptomatic and asymptomatic weed samples within and around each farm (n=1080) were randomly collected and assayed against TYLCV using Triple Antibody Sandwich Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (TAS-ELISA). Based on the obtained results, 14 weed species from 12 families were detected as alternative host of TYLCV in all states surveyed but with variation in distribution. Gombe and Kano states had significantly (p ≤ 0.05) the highest number (7) of TYLCV weed hosts while the lowest number (4) of TYLCV weed hosts was recorded in Jigawa state. Cassia obtusifolia Linn., significantly (p ≤ 0.05) showed the highest TYLCV frequency rating of 12.1%. The study reports for the first time 13 weed species naturally occurring as an alternative host of TYLCV in Nigeria. The detection of these weed hosts of TYLCV will give a better understanding of the virus disease epidemiology for its effective management. Exploring more weed hosts of TYLCV and molecular characterization of the virus in these weeds for the possible evolution of novel strain(s) in the region is recommended.
Mansoureh Danesh; Mahmoud Lotfi; Shiva Azizinia
Abstract
Iran is a part of the secondary centre of origin of melons, and therefore, there is a wealth of genetic variation of these species in this country. The Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) marker was applied to investigate the genetic variations among five major Iranian melon cultigens (Cucumis ...
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Iran is a part of the secondary centre of origin of melons, and therefore, there is a wealth of genetic variation of these species in this country. The Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) marker was applied to investigate the genetic variations among five major Iranian melon cultigens (Cucumis melo) and ‘Ananasi’ as a general well-known cultivar. Ten primer pairs were used on 90 individuals producing 318 polymorphic fragments, with an average of 31.8 fragments per primer combination. The polymorphism rates ranged from 80 to 100%. The genetic similarities among accessions were calculated according to Dice’s Similarity Index and used to construct a dendrogram based on the Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Average (UPGMA). The genetic distance estimates based on AFLPs ranged from 0.29 to 0.63, with a mean of 47±0.3. Iranian melon genotypes and the ‘Ananasi’ cultivar were considered as two separate groups on the cluster analysis. The principal coordinate analysis showed a separate allocation of the melon cultivar groups. The results demonstrated a wide diversity of Iranian melon cultigens. The high number of alleles and the high expected genetic diversity detected with the AFLP marker indicated that the Iranian melon cultigens had distinctive characteristics and were an important genetic diversity pool, which made them a valuable source of breeding materials.
Farid Moradinezhad; Fatemeh Setayesh; Sohrab Mahmoodi; Mehdi Khayyat
Abstract
Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) fruit is an important medicinal plant in Iran. The harvesting time is a crucial for jujube fruit quality. Several characteristics of jujube fruit when harvested at four development stages; white mature (light green), crisp mature (white-red), fully mature (red) and fully ...
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Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) fruit is an important medicinal plant in Iran. The harvesting time is a crucial for jujube fruit quality. Several characteristics of jujube fruit when harvested at four development stages; white mature (light green), crisp mature (white-red), fully mature (red) and fully ripe (dehydrated brown) were evaluated. Fruit weight, diameter, volume, pulp to stone ratio, firmness, titratable acidity (TA), total soluble solids (TSS), ascorbic acid, total phenolics content, protein, ash and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were determined. The results showed that fruit dry weight, TSS, TSS/TA were increased significantly, while firmness, protein content and ash weight were decreased as jujube fruit harvested at progressed development stages. Ascorbic acid in fruit was decreased from white to crisp mature stage and thereafter increased significantly to fully mature stage. However, the content of total phenol increased significantly from white to crisp mature stage and thereafter decreased at more maturity and ripening stages. Moreover, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were influenced by harvesting time. The F0 and Fm showed a positive significant correlation with total phenolic, ascorbic acid and protein content and a negative significant correlation with DW. Therefore, chlorophyll fluorescence maybe a helpful, nondestructive technique to evaluate the nutritional quality changes in jujube fruit. Overall, jujube fruit harvested at crisp (white-red) and fully mature (red) stages, seem best in respect of postharvest handling and nutritional criteria.
Saber Avestan; Lotfali Naseri; Roghayeh Najafzadeh
Abstract
Nano-fertilizers can increase value of products in agriculture. Iron plays many important and essential roles in plant growth and development as compared to other micronutrients. In the present study, effects of different levels of enriched nano chelated Iron fertilizer (25, 50, 100, and 200 mg l-1) ...
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Nano-fertilizers can increase value of products in agriculture. Iron plays many important and essential roles in plant growth and development as compared to other micronutrients. In the present study, effects of different levels of enriched nano chelated Iron fertilizer (25, 50, 100, and 200 mg l-1) were investigated in comparison with the common Iron (FeSO4.7H2O) on in vitro proliferation of apple explants cultivar 'Gala' in the MS medium. The results showed that enrichednano chelated Iron increased growth and proliferation of apple in terms of number of nodes, shoots, and leaves, nodes and shoots length, leaf area, fresh and dry weights of shoot and chlorophyll index. The maximum growth and proliferation was observed at 100 mg l-1 of enrichednano chelated Iron, while in higher concentration (200 mg l-1), the growth was decreased due to the Iron toxicity. According to the obtained results, 100 mg l-1 of enrichednano chelated Iron can be added for increasing growth on in vitro proliferation of 'Gala' apple cultivar. The present study is the first report of the effects of enrichednano chelated Iron fertilizer on growth and in vitro proliferation of apple that can be useful for in vitro culture of the plant.
of enriched nano iron chelated can be added for increasing growth on in vitro proliferation of 'Gala' apple cultivar. The present study is the first report of the effects of enriched nano chelated iron fertilizer on growth and in vitro proliferation in apple that can be useful for in vitro culture of the plant.
Maryam Eslami; Fatemeh Nasibi; Khosrow Manouchehri Kalantari; Masoud Khezri; Hakimeh Oloumi
Abstract
Pistachio yield are often negatively affected by some physiological problems such as abscission of inflorescence buds and fruits, deformed or blank nuts, and non-split shells. In the present study the effect of exogenous application of arginine (Arg) (a substrate for nitric oxide (NO) synthase) and sodium ...
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Pistachio yield are often negatively affected by some physiological problems such as abscission of inflorescence buds and fruits, deformed or blank nuts, and non-split shells. In the present study the effect of exogenous application of arginine (Arg) (a substrate for nitric oxide (NO) synthase) and sodium nitroproside (SNP), as a NO-donor was investigated on yield production, fruit and inflorescence buds abscission, and physiological parameters of Pistacia vera. The experiment was conducted in randomized complete block design with factorial structure in a commercial pistachio orchard. Factors were included two levels of Arg (0.5 and 1 mM), two levels of SNP (50 and 100 μM) and their combination applied at two distinct time; one week before full bloom (first stage) and five weeks after full bloom (second stage). Comparing to SNP-treated trees, Arg was more effective on growth and physiological parameters of shoots and on fruit and inflorescence buds abscission, and on fruit parameters such as split and non-split shells, blank nuts, number of nuts per ounce. Effects of these treatments were considerably depending on the time of application and the concentrations of applied compounds. It is proposed that the effects of Arg and SNP may be related to the NO signaling and polyamines production.
Masoud Sharifkhah; Davood Bakhshi; Mohammadreza Pourghayoumi; Soma Abdi; Hossein Hokmabadi
Abstract
To obtain the best quality and quantity of pistachio fruits, knowing the most suitable time of pollination, is of paramount importance. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of pollination time, different stages of female flower development, including A (lower florets opened and clusters ...
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To obtain the best quality and quantity of pistachio fruits, knowing the most suitable time of pollination, is of paramount importance. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of pollination time, different stages of female flower development, including A (lower florets opened and clusters were green), B (lower and medial florets opened and clusters were green), C (all florets opened and clusters were light green), D (the stigma in the lowest florets was light pink), and E (the stigma in the lowest and medial florets was pink) on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of fruits in three pistachio cultivars (‘Ghermez Peste’, ‘Kal Khandan’, and ‘Kaleh Bozi’). Results showed that the highest yield in ‘GhermezPeste’ obtained when the manual pollination carried out at the stage that the cluster were green (early flowering period) while the highest yield In ‘KalKhandan’ and ‘KalehBozi’ were observed when the pollination carried out at the full bloom stage. The highest amount of total phenolics, total flavonoid, and antioxidant activity of fruits observed when pollination carried out at the stage that lower florets opened and clusters were green. The Lowest amount of total flavonoid and antioxidant capacity were obtained in the fruits that pollination carried out in the stage that the stigma in middle and lower florets were pink. As a first step towards identifying the best time for manual pollination of pistachio trees, our results showed manual pollination in the suitable blooming stage led to higher yield and quality of pistachio nuts.
Hossein Meighani; Mahmood Ghasemnezhad; Davood Bakshi
Abstract
Aril browning threatens production, consumption, and exports of pomegranates, because affected fruit cannot be externally distinguished from healthy fruit. This study compared the mineral, biochemical composition, and related enzyme activities in affected brown arils with healthy ones in ‘Malase ...
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Aril browning threatens production, consumption, and exports of pomegranates, because affected fruit cannot be externally distinguished from healthy fruit. This study compared the mineral, biochemical composition, and related enzyme activities in affected brown arils with healthy ones in ‘Malase Saveh’ pomegranates. The results indicated that concentrations of Cu in the aril and K, Mg, and Mn in the peel were higher in the healthy fruit than in the affected fruit. The total soluble solids, titratable acidity, total phenolics, total flavonoids, total anthocyanins, antioxidant activity, and color parameters (L*, a*, b*, hue, and chroma) decreased in the browned arils of pomegranates, whereas fruit respiration rate and acidity, peroxidase (POD), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzyme activity were higher in the browned arils. No difference was found for phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activity. There were positive correlations between total anthocyanins and both color values and total phenols, and a negative correlation between PPO and POD activities was observed. Overall, the nutritional and functional value of the affected fruit is anticipated to be far less than that of the healthy fruit.
soheila mohammadrRezakhani; zahra pakkish
Abstract
Storage of Lime (Citrus aurantifolia L.) fruits, originally a tropical fruits, in low temperature confronts with several difficulties due to the risk of chilling injury (CI). To develop an effective method aiming to reduce CI, the effects of treatments containing 0, 0.5 and 1 Mg/lit brassinosteroids ...
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Storage of Lime (Citrus aurantifolia L.) fruits, originally a tropical fruits, in low temperature confronts with several difficulties due to the risk of chilling injury (CI). To develop an effective method aiming to reduce CI, the effects of treatments containing 0, 0.5 and 1 Mg/lit brassinosteroids (BRs) and hot water (HW) including 20°C as control, 45 and 55°C for 30 minute on CI was studied. Moreover lipid peroxidaion, hydrogen peroxide, catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activities were investigated in lime fruits stored at 1°C for 21 days. The CI, lipid peroxidaion, hydrogen peroxide were significantly reduced by BRs treatment particularly at 1Mg/lit and 45°CHW treatment. Furthermore fruits treated with 1Mg/lit BRs and 45 °C HW treatment exhibited significantly higher CAT and POD activities in comparison with the control fruits. These results suggest that BRs and HW treatment protect lime fruits from CI by enhancing antioxidant enzymes such as POD and CAT activities, and reduce lipid peroxidaion, hydrogen peroxide contents, and maintaining membrane integrity.
Mina Taghizadeh; Mousa Solgi
Abstract
An important part of plant in vitro techniques is the sterilization of explants and the maintenance of aseptic conditions. Ideally, sterilizing materials should be effective on a vast range of microorganisms at low density. Nowadays, the use of compounds such as essential oils (EOs) and nanoparticles ...
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An important part of plant in vitro techniques is the sterilization of explants and the maintenance of aseptic conditions. Ideally, sterilizing materials should be effective on a vast range of microorganisms at low density. Nowadays, the use of compounds such as essential oils (EOs) and nanoparticles is applicable in microbiology studies. The main objective of this experiment was to study the substitution probability of silver nanoparticles (SNPs), thymol and carvacrol as novel sterilization agents in the tissue culture of Cynodon dactylon. Explants were sterilized with 70% ethanol for 2 min, and then 30% Clorox for 15 min. Sterilization complementary treatments (SNPs, thymol and carvacrol) were applied at different concentrations (100 and 200 mg l-1) with exposure times of 30, 60 and 120 min. According to the results, infection of bermudagrass explants was controlled successfully by SNPs, thymol and carvacrol. Examination of various concentrations in different exposure times showed that 200 mg L-1 SNPs in combination with 100 mg L-1 thymol in 60 min inhibited microbial growth. Thymol and carvacrol were more effective than SNPs in controlling bacteria and fungi contaminations. Finally, these novel agents could be used as an alternative to common chemical treatments for elimination and control of microbial population explants in in vitro conditions.
Nafiseh Geshnizjani; Morteza Khosh-khui
Abstract
Commercially available amino acids mixtures have several advantages such as enhancing assimilation of fertilizer, facilitating uptake of water and nutrients and improving photosynthesis of plants. To investigate the response of gerbera (Gerbera jamesonni L.) flowers ‘Saltino’ to foliar application ...
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Commercially available amino acids mixtures have several advantages such as enhancing assimilation of fertilizer, facilitating uptake of water and nutrients and improving photosynthesis of plants. To investigate the response of gerbera (Gerbera jamesonni L.) flowers ‘Saltino’ to foliar application of a mixture of 19 essential amino acids (0.25, 0.50 and 0.75 mg L-1) and ammonium nitrate (200 mg L-1) as nitrogen source, a pot experiment was carried out in the research greenhouse of Eram Botanical Garden of Shiraz University. Number of flowers, flower diameter, stems length, chlorophyll, proline, protein and nitrogen contents, photosynthesis rate, stomatal conductance, and vase life of flowers were significantly improved by amino acids treatments. No significant difference was observed between ammonium nitrate and amino acids mixture for flower fresh and dry weights. Results suggested that application of amino acids mixture can induce acetyl CoA, which plays an improvingrole in physiological processes in plants. Application of amino acids mixture as a promising and sustainable approach can be recommended to promote quality and quantity of gerbera flowers.
Seyed Mohammad Hassan Mortazavi; Fatemeh Azizollahi; Noorallah Moallemi
Abstract
The fruit of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is an important horticultural product in the Middle East and North Africa. Among more than 400 reported date palm cultivars in Iran, around 20 cultivars are more important due to having better eating quality and trading values. In this study, the fruit ...
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The fruit of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is an important horticultural product in the Middle East and North Africa. Among more than 400 reported date palm cultivars in Iran, around 20 cultivars are more important due to having better eating quality and trading values. In this study, the fruit of nine commercially important date cultivars including ‘Barhee’, ‘Breim’, ‘Deiri’, ‘Fersi’, ‘Gantar’, ‘Khadravi’, ‘Sayer’, ‘Shakar’ and ‘Zahidi’ were evaluated for certain quality and biochemical properties during the last three stages of ripening (i.e., Khalal, Rutab and Tamar). The results showed that the highest levels of total soluble solids (TSS) and titratable acidity were recorded at Tamar stage for all studied cultivars. Maximum TSS was recorded for ‘Deiri’ (77 %) and ‘Zahidi’ (75.3%) which are considered as dry dates. By a similar pattern, the mean amount of soluble proteins, flesh darkening and peroxidase activity (POX) increased to 5587 μg g-1, 0.76 A410 and 5220 Ug-1 tissue, respectively. Fruit at Khalal stage showed an incredible amount of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity, but these parameters of nutritional value reduced to their lowest level in almost all studied cultivars at Tamar stage. Flesh darkening as an index of appearance quality increased greatly by turning Rutab into Tamar for almost all cultivars.
Abdolkarim Ejraei; Ahmad Mohammadi Ghehsareh; Mehran Hodaji; Ali Asghar Besalatpor
Abstract
Several methods have been proposed for recommendation of phosphorus fertilizers. Each of them only examines the concentration of phosphorus in the soil or plant, while none of them investigates the correlation between phosphorus concentrations in the soil and plant. In this study, a method called "integrated ...
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Several methods have been proposed for recommendation of phosphorus fertilizers. Each of them only examines the concentration of phosphorus in the soil or plant, while none of them investigates the correlation between phosphorus concentrations in the soil and plant. In this study, a method called "integrated plant and soil system" (IPSS) is proposed to describe phosphorus fertilizer. In this system, for recommendation of phosphorus, the correlation between this element in soil and plant was used. For this purpose, 39 Washington Navel Orange orchards were selected in Jahrom region and from each orchard three trees were chosen. Samples were taken from soil and plants during two consecutive years and their phosphorus was measured. Orchards were divided into two categories, first group high-yield orchards and another includes all orchards. The correlation was run between soil properties and phosphorus of plant organs with the phosphorus of soil saturation extract samples. Factors were selected that shown significant correlation with the phosphorus of soil saturated extract, and multivariate regression was established between them. The results showed a significant correlation between phosphorus of plant organs and soil samples, and the highest correlation was observed between fruit phosphorus and phosphorus of soil saturation extract. Moreover, there was a significant correlation between phosphorus of plant organs, and the highest correlation was observed between fruit phosphorus with other plant organs. A equation was also obtained for each of the two orchard groups, these two equations can calculate the amount of phosphorus required for orange orchards.
Ghasem Esmaeili; Majid Azizi; Hossein Arouiee; Jamil Vaezi
Abstract
The morphological specifications play a substantial role in classification and breeding programs of various plant taxa. In the current study, some macro- and micro-morphological features of Salvia nemorosa, Salvia syriaca, Salvia frigida and Salvia virgata (three accessions), were investigated using ...
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The morphological specifications play a substantial role in classification and breeding programs of various plant taxa. In the current study, some macro- and micro-morphological features of Salvia nemorosa, Salvia syriaca, Salvia frigida and Salvia virgata (three accessions), were investigated using scanning electron microscopy and image analysis program. The completely randomized design (CRD) was used to compare the morphological properties (r=4). Macro-morphological and agronomical measurements showed that Salvia species have great potential for cultivation as medicinal and ornamental plants. The cluster analysis suggested that S. virgata and S. frigida located in the same group; on the other side, S. syriaca and S. nemorosa had more similarity. The micro-morphological results showed that glandular trichomes (GTs) and non-glandular trichomes (NGTs) were widely distributed over the leaf and flower surfaces. The peltate GTs with high-density covered sepal and petal and were observed with low density on the leaves. The comparison with different species showed that the highest size and density of GTs belonged to Salvia virgata. The GTs are large and cover a significant portion of the flower surface (3.85-18.45%). The multicellular GTs were observed in S. nemorosa and S. virgata A1 and A2. The uniseriate and multicellular NGTs covered the adaxial leaf surface in different species. Besides, relative variation in GTs was observed in the three studied S. virgata accessions (15.33- 30.58 trichomes per mm2), which indicates the role of environmental conditions in trichomes formation. A wide range of variation in most of the micro- and macro-morphological traits of Salvia genotypes observed in cultivated condition.
Hossein Meighani; Mahmood Ghasemnezhad; Davood Bakhshi
Abstract
The pomegranate fruit is a good source of bioactive compounds. The present study has investigated the biochemical and sensory characteristics of the arils of four Iranian commercial pomegranate cultivars namely Malase Shirine Saveh (MSS), Malase Torshe Saveh (MTS), Alak Shirine Saveh (ASS) and Agha Mohammad ...
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The pomegranate fruit is a good source of bioactive compounds. The present study has investigated the biochemical and sensory characteristics of the arils of four Iranian commercial pomegranate cultivars namely Malase Shirine Saveh (MSS), Malase Torshe Saveh (MTS), Alak Shirine Saveh (ASS) and Agha Mohammad Ali (AMA) for several developmental and ripening stages during 45–180 days after fruit set (DAFS). The results showed that the total soluble solids (TSS), individual and total anthocyanin concentrations, and color parameters including chroma and a* values significantly increased, in contrast, the total phenolic concentration and color parameters (L* and hue angle) gradually decreased during developmental stages. Six anthocyanin pigments were found responsible for the red color of pomegranate juice. The quantity and the quality of the anthocyanin pigments were different among the cultivars and the various developmental stages. The predominant anthocyanin pigment at all developmental stages in all cultivars was cyanidin 3,5-diglucosides. The maximum total phenolic concentration was recorded at 45 DAFS for all cultivars. The highest antioxidant activity was recorded at 45 DAFS, and gradually decreased until 135 DAFS. Similar decrease was observed in total phenolic and flavonoid concentrations. Notably, increasing of antioxidant activity at the late-developmental stage was due to induction of the flavonoids and anthocyanins accumulation.
Yaaghoob Hosseini; Hamed Hassanzadeh Khankahdani; Ramezan Rezazadeh
Abstract
‘Siyahoo’ mandarin (Citrus reticulata) is one of the most important high-quality cultivars of citrus. The alternate bearing, especially in old trees, is one of the most important economic problems faced by this cultivar, which adversely affects the fruit quality. This study was carried out ...
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‘Siyahoo’ mandarin (Citrus reticulata) is one of the most important high-quality cultivars of citrus. The alternate bearing, especially in old trees, is one of the most important economic problems faced by this cultivar, which adversely affects the fruit quality. This study was carried out to examine the effects of the timing of nitrogen foliar application (mid-November, mid-December, and mid-January) as urea 0.5% and harvest time (the first time: concordant with the minimum commercial ratio of TSS/TA and the second time: 45 days after the first time) on improving the fruit yield and quality of ‘Siyahoo’ mandarin during five successive years from 2012 to 2017 using 36 trees. The results showed that the second harvest time (conventionally practiced) produced the highest yield compared to the first harvest time (for the lowest TSS/TA ratio). The highest yield was obtained in the second harvest time when nitrogen was sprayed in November. The significant interaction of harvest time and spray timing revealed the lower pH (~3) in the first harvest compared to the second one (~4). Nitrogen spraying in November and January yielded the highest (8-10) and lowest (<8) TSS/TA ratio, respectively. Although, the effect of the timing of nitrogen spraying on the fruit weight was not significant, spraying in January increased the fruit weight by 10% compared to the November spraying. Variations in the fruit diameter followed a similar pattern to variation in the fruit weight, which was due to their correlations. In conclusion, it is recommended to harvest the fruits after second nitrogen application, because the higher fruit yield and quality in terms of sweetness and flavor (TSS/TA ratio) are more acceptable.
Farzad Nazari; Morteza Khosh-Khui; Pejman Azadi
Abstract
The gerbera market would benefit from an efficient and simple protocol for high rate regeneration for propagation and genetic engineering. With these objectives, this investigation was done on shoot regeneration via direct organogenesis from leafy petiole explants of Gerbera jamesonii ‘Royal Soft ...
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The gerbera market would benefit from an efficient and simple protocol for high rate regeneration for propagation and genetic engineering. With these objectives, this investigation was done on shoot regeneration via direct organogenesis from leafy petiole explants of Gerbera jamesonii ‘Royal Soft Pink’. Murashige and Skoog (1962) (MS) medium was supplemented with 0.1 mg L-1 indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and additions of various concentrations and combinations of thidiazuron (TDZ: 0, 0.5 and 1 mg L-1) and N6-benzyladenine (BA: 0, 2, 4 and 6 mg L-1). Higher values were recorded for a number of shoots on leafy petiole on the MS medium containing BA in combination with TDZ than on media containing BA or TDZ solely. The highest evaluations for percentage of shoot regeneration (85.43 %) and number of shoots per explant (12.88) was recorded in the medium supplemented with 0.1 mg L-1 IAA and 1.0 mg L-1 TDZ plus 4.0 mg L-1 BA. For rooting of the shoots, MS medium supplemented with three concentrations of a-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA: 0.5 and 1 mg L-1) together with control (MS only) were tried. The optimal results for rooting of shoots were obtained on MS medium containing 1 mg L-1 NAA. The in vitro raised plantlets were acclimatized and transferred to greenhouse successfully.
Mohsen Ashrafi; Mohammad Reza Azimi Moqadam; Parviz Moradi; Farid Shekari; Ehsan MohseniFard
Abstract
Drought as the most important abiotic stress has deleterious effects on plants. Developing drought tolerant varieties can help produce plants in a sustainable way. This study was conducted to identify drought tolerant and drought sensitive thyme species including Thymus vulgaris, T. vulgaris (origin: ...
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Drought as the most important abiotic stress has deleterious effects on plants. Developing drought tolerant varieties can help produce plants in a sustainable way. This study was conducted to identify drought tolerant and drought sensitive thyme species including Thymus vulgaris, T. vulgaris (origin: Spain), T. carmanicus, T. daenensis and T. kotschyanus and to study the mechanism used by them to cope with drought stress. For this purpose, relative water content, water use efficiency, soil water depilation rate, root:shoot ratio, drought resistance index and a new criterion "FC ceased growth" were used. T. carmanicus and T. daenensis had the lowest and the highest reduction on relative water content, respectively. In terms of water use efficiency and soil water depletion curve, the highest and the lowest values were detected for T. daenensis and T. carmanicus, respectively. The most and the least root:shoot ratios were recorded for T. daenensis and T. vulgaris (origin: Spain), respectively. Analyses by drought resistance index and PCA revealed that T. carmanicus is drought susceptible, T. kotschyanus and T. vulgaris are semi-drought susceptible, and T. daenensis and T. vulgaris (origin: Spain) are semi-drought tolerant species. FC ceased growth analysis showed that T. carmanicus stopped its growth at higher FC, while T. kotschyanus stopped it at lower FC. Therefore, based on this criterion and considering the sustainability of growth under drought condition, T. carmanicus and T. kotschyanus are the least and the most drought tolerant Thymus species.
Mehdi Abdolmaleki; Morteza Khosh-Khui; Saeid Eshghi; Asghar Ramezanian
Abstract
Rosa hybrida L. is an important commercial cut flower. Salicylic acid (SA) and calcium chloride (CaCl2) act as endogenous signal molecules responsible for growth parameters in plants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of preharvest SA and CaCl2 treatments in extending the vase life of ...
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Rosa hybrida L. is an important commercial cut flower. Salicylic acid (SA) and calcium chloride (CaCl2) act as endogenous signal molecules responsible for growth parameters in plants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of preharvest SA and CaCl2 treatments in extending the vase life of cut rose flowers. Therefore, a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with SA (0, 150, 300, and 450 mg L-1) and CaCl2 (0, 0.75, 1.5, and 2.25%) with 4 replicates and 2 samples (individual flowers) in each replicate, was conducted. Changes in growth, macronutrient concentration, chlorophyll content, leaf relative water content (LRWC), flower quality, vase life, and membrane stability index were investigated in R. hybrida cv. “Dolce Vita.” Exogenously applied SA and CaCl2 increased plant growth (such as shoots and flower buds). Foliar application of SA and CaCl2 also increased macronutrient concentration (N, K, Ca, and Mg), chlorophyll content, LRWC, flower quality, and vase life; however membrane stability index was decreased with increasing levels of SA and CaCl2. These results suggest that SA and CaCl2 could be used as potential growth promoters to improve postharvest life of roses. According to the results of this experiment, SA and CaCl2 as natural, cheap, safe, and biodegradable compounds are suitable alternatives for conventional chemical treatments in order to prolong vase life of cut rose flowers. Commercialization of these compounds for optimum formulations needs further experiments.
Saeedeh Saeidi Tombegavani; Bahman Zahedi; Sadegh Mousavi Fard; Ahmad Ahmadpour
Abstract
In order to study the germination and growth of pepper seeds, a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications was conducted. The first factor was consisting of five cultivars of pepper (Marquiza, Cadia, California Wonder, California Wonder 310 and California Wonder ...
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In order to study the germination and growth of pepper seeds, a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications was conducted. The first factor was consisting of five cultivars of pepper (Marquiza, Cadia, California Wonder, California Wonder 310 and California Wonder 300) and the second factor was gibberellic acid with three levels (0 as control, 250 and 500 ppm), and the third factor was naphthalene acetic acid with three levels (0 as control, 50 and 100 ppm). The results showed that the highest germination percentage (89.9%- California-Wonder 310 cultivar), rate of germination (0.85- California-Wonder 310 cultivar), shoot height (95.99 mm- California Wonder 300 cultivar), shoot fresh weight (6.62 g- California Wonder 300 cultivar) root fresh weight (3.46g- California Wonder 300 cultivar), root length (15.85 cm- Marquiza cultivar), leaf length (5.36 cm-Cadia cultivar) and stem diameter (26.91mm- California Wonder 300 cultivar) were obtained from the concentration of 500 ppm GA3 and 100 ppm NAA. The maximum seed vigor index (749.6) was detected in 0 ppm GA3 and 100 NAA in California Wonder 300 cultivar. The 500 ppm concentration of GA3 and 0 NAA in California Wonder 310 cultivar caused the highest leaf number (3.96). No significant differences were obtained for leaf area and leaf width among all tested concentrations. It can be concluded that seed priming of pepper with plant hormones (GA3 and NAA) is a proper strategy for improving germination and growth traits of pepper plants.
Hamed Hassanzadeh Khankahdani; Abdoolnabi Bagheri
Abstract
Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is a monocot, dioecious and high longevity tropical plant greatly considered due to its high economic importance in Middle East. This investigation was carried out to detect genetic relations among 34 cultivars of Iranian date palm, both males and females, using ISSR ...
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Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is a monocot, dioecious and high longevity tropical plant greatly considered due to its high economic importance in Middle East. This investigation was carried out to detect genetic relations among 34 cultivars of Iranian date palm, both males and females, using ISSR markers. Accordingly, total DNA was extracted using CTAB method and was subjected to PCR amplification using 12 ISSR primers. Analysis of ISSR data indicated that PIC value varied from 0.3695 to 0.4998 with average of 0.4497. The highest PIC value belonged to (CT)10 G primer (0.4498). Totally, 112 alleles were recognized. According to morphological attributes and ISSR markers, the 34 studied date cultivars divided into eight main groups and different sub-groups, and no significant correlation between grouping made by morphological and molecular markers. Unlike ISSR markers that produced a clear-cut among male and female cultivars, no distinct border was seen among male and female cultivars using morphological attributes. Furthermore, PCA analysis confirmed the grouping made by ISSR markers. In conclusion, ISSR markers have been useful to separate date palm cultivars.
