https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/ International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology en daily 1 Sun, 31 Jan 2027 00:00:00 +0330 Sun, 31 Jan 2027 00:00:00 +0330 https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_105568.html A two-year field study conducted during the 2022/2023 and 2023/2024 seasons evaluated the effects of organic manure and biostimulant foliar applications on chia (Salvia hispanica L.). The experimental design involved applying compost at rates of 0, 10, 15, and 20 m³/fed, and foliar sprays of two biostimulant substances: a blend of amino acids (at 100 and 200 ppm) and seaweed extract (at 2 and 4 ml/l). The results indicated that compost application significantly improved growth parameters, yield, fixed oil production, and chemical constituents, with the highest compost rate (20 m³/fed) generally exhibiting the greatest positive effect. Foliar treatments with both amino acids and seaweed extract further enhanced these traits, particularly when seaweed extract was applied at 4 ml/l. Moreover, significant interactive effects were observed between compost and biostimulant treatments; notably, the combination of 20 m³/fed compost with seaweed extract at 4 ml/l resulted in the most pronounced improvements in all measured parameters. https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_106147.html The thermal requirements of deciduous fruit trees are crucial for expanding walnut and pecan cultivation in Catamarca, a warm region in northwestern Argentina. This study evaluated the chilling requirements of two Persian walnut cultivars (‘Chandler’ and ‘Trompito INTA’) and three pecan cultivars (‘Stuart’, ‘Pawnee’, and ‘Western’). Well-lignified budsticks, one-year-old branches of 40 cm, were removed from trees twice, in the autumns of 2018 and 2019, without damaging any apical (TB) or lateral buds (LT). They were stored at 5 ± 0.5°C to accumulate chilling hours (CH) across ten treatments (0-1000 CH in 100 CH intervals) before sprouting in greenhouse conditions. Results were quantified as the mean time (days) to reach budbreak (MTB) and as the percentage of budbreak. The ‘Western’ pecan required the least chilling (300-400 CH), followed by ‘Pawnee’ (400-500 CH) and ‘Stuart’ (600-800 CH). It should be noted that the pecan tree in cvs 'Pawnee' and 'Western' sprouted without cold in the first-year trials. Considering walnut, ‘Trompito INTA’ and ‘Chandler’, showed a chilling requirement of 500 and 800 CH, respectively. Persian walnuts needed at least 200 CH to budbreak. The study shows that pecan requires less cold to reach 50% sprouting than to stabilize MTB. ‘Trompito INTA’ stands out as a Persian walnut cultivar with low chilling requirements. This cultivar may be better adapted to milder winters and could contribute to climate change adaptation in walnut-growing regions. These results are valuable for cultivar selection and planning expansion of nut orchards in warm regions of Argentina https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_106146.html Cyclamen, known for its ornamental appeal and medicinal applications, is one of the most significant potted plants worldwide. However, all wild species within this genus face various levels of endangerment, making their conservation critical. Identifying different wild species of Cyclamen is essential for enhancing conservation efforts and optimizing breeding programs. Previous studies on Cyclamen populations native to Iran have utilized morphological, phytochemical, and cytogenetic markers, all confirming notable variations among these populations. Molecular markers, particularly, have provided more accurate insights into species identification and taxonomic relationships. In this study, we used morphological characteristics alongside the ITS molecular marker to precisely identify the species within Iranian Cyclamen populations. We further analyzed chloroplast trnL (UAA) intron sequence variation to investigate distinctions among Cyclamen coum subspecies. Comparative analysis of ITS1 and ITS4 ribosomal DNA sequences, and phylogenetic tree construction, placed wild Iranian Cyclamen within C. coum, aligning with morphological findings. The trnL sequence data also provided a new perspective on subspecies differentiation in Cyclamen and showed a close affinity with Cyclamen elegans. Morphological and molecular analyses revealed clear regional differentiation, with the Pasand population showing distinct structural and genetic characteristics. This suggests that Pasand may represent an ecologically specialized or partially isolated group within C. coum, emphasizing its importance for conservation and future breeding programs. However, due to the complexities of taxonomic classification within this genus, further studies are needed to clarify the species and subspecies of Cyclamen in Iran. https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_106148.html The introduction of strawberry cultivars from subtropical to tropical regions is one method to increase the strawberry fruit quality in tropical areas. However, attention must be paid to cultivation technology, from propagation to production, particularly hydroponic technology. The selection of planting media in the strawberry growth using the ebb and flow hydroponic system is crucial for producing high-quality seedlings. The aim of this study was to determine a suitable planting medium for the growth of seedlings from two Japanese cultivars, 'Berry pop Sakura' and 'Berry Pop Haruhi' in in ebb and flow hydroponics. The seedling of both cultivars were planted in seven different growing media: peatmoss, cocopeat, rice husk charcoal, peatmoss + cocopeat (1:1/v:v), peatmoss + rice husk charcoal (1:1/v:v), cocopeat + rice husk charcoal (1:1/v:v) under ebb and flow hydroponic system. The results showed that combination growing media were more effective than single growing media in increasing seedling growth in both cultivars. The combination of growing media of peatmoss + rice husk charcoal and cocopeat + rice husk charcoal was more effective than combination of peatmoss + cocopeat in increasing the plant height, fresh plant weight, leaves number and root number in both cultivars. We conclude that rice husk charcoal is effective as a mixture with peatmoss or cocopeat for a seedling growing medium for strawberry in tropical region under in ebb and flow hydroponics cultivation system https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_105843.html Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus), a nutritionally valuable crop, is highly susceptible to drought stress, which significantly impacts its yield and quality, necessitating research into mitigation strategies. During the 2021-2022 growing season, a field experiment was conducted at the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute in Karaj, Iran, to assess the effects of water stress on quantitative and qualitative traits of 15 okra genotypes (G1-G15). A split-plot design in a randomized complete block (RCBD) with three replications was employed, comparing two irrigation regimes: optimal (5-day interval) and severe stress (10-day interval). Water stress significantly affected various plant traits, as evidenced by the high coefficients of variation, indicating genetic diversity in stress responses. Under non-stress conditions, genotypes G1, G2, G7, and G10 with fruit yields of approximately 14.87, 19.09, 16.61, and 16.54 t ha-¹, respectively. However, severe water stress resulted in substantial yield reductions in these genotypes (approximately 67.3%, 48.9%, 28.83%, and 27.08%, respectively). Conversely, genotypes G9 and G11 showed relatively lower yield reductions, with G9 maintaining a yield of approximately 7.39 tha⁻¹ under water stress (1.62%reduction) and G11 yielding around 7.99 tha⁻¹ (2.0%reduction), suggesting drought tolerance.Genotype G10 demonstrated notable performance under water stress, yielding 12.06 tha⁻¹ with a 27.0% reduction. Under non-stress conditions, fruit and biological yields were positively correlated with vegetative growth indices and fruit traits, but these correlations weakened under water stress. Principal component analysis (PCA) highlighted variations in trait associations and their contributions to variability between the two water regimes. Cluster analysis revealed distinct genotypic groupings under both irrigation conditions. https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_105703.html This study aimed to evaluate the growth and photosynthetic pigments of tamarind seedlings as a function of different wavelengths promoted by colored growing benches in various protected environments. The experiment was conducted in two protected environments: an agricultural greenhouse, covered with low density polyethylene film and aluminized thermal-reflective net (Aluminet®), which provided 50% shading under the film; and a roof, covered and closed at 45 degrees with black monofilament fabric, also providing 50% shading. In each environment, a completely randomized design was used, with five treatments and four replications: T1: control, with no material on the bench surface; T2: bench covered with glossy white laminate; T3: bench covered with glossy red laminate; T4: bench covered with glossy blue laminate and T5: bench covered with glossy yellow laminate. The different wavelengths were enhanced by the colors of the countertops, which were covered with glossy, reflective laminates (Fórmicas®). The growing bench covered with bright white reflective material had the highest reflectance. Using the bench covered with yellow reflective material increased the growth of tamarind seedlings in the growing environments. Using yellow, blue, and red reflective benches increased the concentration of photosynthetic pigments in tamarind seedlings in protected environments. It can be said that the different wavelengths promoted by colored benches bring promising results for the quality of tamarind seedlings, in which it can be observed that the laminates influenced the growth and production of photosynthetic pigments. https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_105704.html Optimizing light, shade, and temperature conditions can substantially enhance the growth, yield, and quality of date palm fruits. This study evaluated the effects of light intensity, shading (via bagging), and temperature on the physiological and biochemical characteristics of date palm fruits, with a focus on pigment biosynthesis and phytohormonal regulation during ripening. Four cultivars, ‘Barhee’, ‘Braim’, ‘Khassab’, and ‘Hellawi’, were examined under two light regimes (direct sunlight and paper-bag-induced shade) across four developmental stages from June to August. Chlorophyll levels declined progressively in all cultivars as ripening advanced, with more rapid degradation observed under shaded conditions. In contrast, anthocyanin and carotenoid contents generally increased under shade conditions, particularly in ‘Braim’ and ‘Hellawi’, contributing to enhanced fruit coloration. Shading also helped preserve phenolic compounds, while light-exposed fruits exhibited higher ascorbic acid levels, indicating a physiological trade-off between antioxidant accumulation and oxidative stress. Shade treatments promoted higher levels of growth-related hormones, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA3), and cytokinins, during mid-season stages, and elevated abscisic acid (ABA) levels during late ripening, suggesting enhanced developmental regulation and stress adaptation. Bagging effectively moderated the fruit microclimate by reducing temperature and increasing relative humidity, thereby improving fruit quality and ripening dynamics. These findings support the use of controlled shading as a practical agronomic strategy to enhance date palm fruit quality under climate stress, while highlighting the importance of cultivar-specific responses in optimizing management practices. https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_106149.html Sappanwood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) is a valuable plant used in natural medicine, beverages, and dyes due to its bioactive compounds, particularly brazilin. This study examined the environmental and metabolite characteristics of C. sappan collected from four regions in Indonesia: Sumedang (SMD), Majalengka (MJK), Garut (GRT), and Purwodadi (PWD). Results indicated that environmental factors, such as light intensity and altitude, varied among locations and influenced metabolite synthesis, along with differences in soil chemical properties. GRT exhibited the highest nitrogen (0.22%) and organic carbon content (2.18%), while MJK and PWD showed lower levels. Secondary metabolite analysis revealed that GRT had the highest phenolic content (33.12 mg/g GAE), flavonoid content (13.76 mg/g QE), and antioxidant activity (80.32%). Brazilin content was also highest in GRT (0.0186 mg/g) and showed strong positive correlations with total phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity, underscoring its role in oxidative stress defense. Overall, this study highlights the environmental and biochemical determinants of brazilin biosynthesis in C. sappan, offering insights for optimizing its production through targeted agronomic management and breeding strategies. The findings are valuable for advancing value-added applications of sappanwood in natural medicine and the antioxidant industry. https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_105705.html Our objective was to study strategies to mitigate the effect of water deficit and anaerobic stress (flooding) on Talisia esculenta Radlk seedlings treated with potassium silicate (K2SiO3) or salicylic acid (SA). In the first experiment, the seedlings were exposed to water restriction (WR) for 15 and 35 days, and in the second experiment, they were exposed to flooding (FL) for 15, 30 and 45 days. In both experiments, the seedlings were grown under normal irrigated conditions, WR or FL without or with foliar application of SA (200 mg L–1) and K2SiO3 (10.0 mL L–1). Under WR, the seedlings decreased photosynthetic metabolism and chlorophyll indices, but increased proline content in the leaves, without reducing growth. SA and K2SiO3 attenuated the effects of water restriction for 15 days and contributed to tolerance of seedlings under these conditions. Under FL, seedlings emitted hypertrophied lenticels, but with lower photosynthetic activity. K2SiO3 was more efficient than SA in mitigating the effects of flooding stress for 45 days. SA did not maintain growth under flooding. Under WR, the seedlings showed only 30% survival compared to 100% of seedlings under FL, both without the application of K2SiO3 or SA. However, under water restriction, the application of K2SiO3 provided 80% survival, a result much higher than that of seedlings treated with SA, which showed only 40% survival. T. esculenta has demonstrated potential to cope with water stress, and K2SiO3 has the potential to mitigate stress, representing a strategy for seedling production under adverse conditions for a short period. https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_106150.html Iris pseudacorus L. is an important endangered plant and is commonly cultivated for its aesthetic and medicinal value. Optimization of in vitro culture conditions, callus development, somatic embryogenesis, and plant regeneration constitutes the critical and initial step for successful propagation. This study investigated the effects of various concentrations(low to high)of 2,4-Dand kinetin on callus formation parameters and secondary metabolite production. Conducted as a factorial experiment with a completely randomized design, it included15treatments(plant growth regulators) under different light conditions (light and darkness). Results indicated that darkness had a more pronounced positive effect on callus development than light. The highest total phenol content(47.95 mg(100g)-1)was found in the treatment of 7.5mgL-12,4-D+0kinetin. Additionally, the treatment of 2.5 mgL-1 2,4-D+0.5 mgL-1 kinetin yielded the highest flavonoid content(72.08mgg-1), while10mgL-12,4-D+ 1mgL-1kinetin produced the lowest. Light conditions favoured greater flavonoid production compared to darkness. Treatment interactions did not significantly affect anthocyanin production. The highest amount of anthocyanin was produced (0.0804 µmol(gFW)-1) in the treatment of 0 mgL-1 of 2,4-D and 1 mgL-1 of kinetin. About embryogenesis rate, the highest rate observed in callus subcultures in MS medium supplemented with1mgL-1 kinetin+1 mgL-1IBA. The embryogenesis rate positively correlated with increased phenol content, this study demonstrated successful somatic embryogenesis, callus formation, and enhanced secondary metabolite production through optimized hormonal compounds at novel concentrations in Yellow Flag, which had not been tested until now. The methods presented in this research are very valuable for increasing the production of secondary metabolites of this important medicinal and ornamental plant in the pharmaceutical industry. https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_105569.html Salicylic acid (SA) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) enhance freezing tolerance in Damask rose (Rosa damascena) through distinct biochemical and physiological mechanisms. This study evaluated foliar applications of SA (1 and 2 mM), GABA (20 and 50 mM), and distilled water (control) on five-year-old Rosa damascena plants under spring freezing stress in Bardsir, Iran, using a completely randomized design with three replications. SA at 2 mM significantly reduced membrane injury indices and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in leaves and stems, while increasing proline, soluble carbohydrates, and total chlorophyll content for osmotic and photosynthetic stability. In flowers, SA at 2 mM increased petal weight, phenolic content, anthocyanins, and flavonoids. GABA at 20 mM provided moderate protection, but 50 mM was less effective, often comparable to the control. No significant effects were observed on flower diameter or essential oil content. Correlation analysis showed strong negative relationships between protective traits (e.g., proline, carbohydrates) and damage indicators (e.g., injury indices, MDA). SA at 2 mM exhibited superior efficacy in enhancing freezing tolerance, offering potential for improving yield and quality in cold-prone regions. https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_105570.html Nitric oxide (NO) is recognized as a crucial signaling molecule involved in plant defense mechanisms, including salinity stress. The present study investigated the effects of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) application, as a donor of NO, on some morphophysiological and biochemical characteristics of stress tolerance in Pyrodwarf pear rootstocks (Pyrus communis) under salinity stress. The experiment was conducted as a factorial design tested 4 SNP (0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1 mM) × 4 NaCl (0, 50, 100, and 150 mM) levels. Salinity stress reduced leaf number, shoot length, and protein content. However, it increased electrolyte leakage, H2O2, ascorbate content, and leaf concentrations of Na+ and Cl–. SNP application significantly increased leaf number, protein content, leaf chlorophyll and carotenoids. Moreover, it effectively reduced electrolyte leakage (EL), H2O2, and leaf concentrations of Na+ and Cl–. The activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), an important antioxidant enzyme, increased in response to NaCl stress, and notably, the application of SNP further enhanced the activity of this enzyme. The results indicated that SNP application reduced NaCl stress to some extent. Although no significant interaction was detected for growth indices, SNP mitigated the adverse effects of salinity primarily through its main effects on growth and its interactive effects on biochemical and antioxidant traits. Overall, the findings highlight the pivotal role of SNP in enhancing salinity tolerance under short-term stress conditions by modulating physiological and biochemical responses. https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_105844.html The current investigation evaluated the influence of organic amendments, specifically poultry manure (PM), and micronutrients, namely manganese (MnSO₄) and zinc (ZnSO₄), on the growth, yield, and chemical composition of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). Utilizing a split-plot design with three replications, the study assessed poultry manure as the main factor at four application rates: 0 (control), 3, 6, and 9 m³/fed. The secondary factor comprised five foliar treatments: tap water (control), MnSO₄ at 50 and 100 ppm, and ZnSO₄ at 50 and 100 ppm. The results demonstrated that poultry manure at 9 m³/fed significantly enhanced plant growth parameters, yield, essential oil production, and chemical properties compared to lower application rates and the control. Similarly, foliar applications MnSO₄ at 100 ppm improved plant development, encompassing height, branch number, herb dry weight, and fruit yield, along with essential oil content and chemical constituents. The most pronounced effects were observed with the combined treatment of poultry manure at 9 m³/fed and MnSO₄ at 100 ppm, which, across two consecutive growing seasons, increased plant height by 25.8% and 29.7%, branch number by 77.6% and 65.3%, herb dry weight by 134.8% and 116.3%, fruit yield per feddan by 128.6% and 100.2%, and essential oil percentage by 50.0% and 50.2%, respectively, relative to the control. These findings underscore the efficacy of integrating organic manure with targeted micronutrient applications as a sustainable strategy to restore soil fertility and optimize coriander production. https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_105571.html The development of environmentally friendly strategies to support crop productivity is increasingly vital in modern horticulture. This study assessed the impact of a novel biostimulant composed of effective microorganisms (EM), Spirulina platensis, and earthworm humus on the physiological performance, defense response, and yield of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa cv. Albion) grown in pots. The experiment was carried out under semi-controlled conditions at CREA in Pescia, Italy, with biostimulant applications delivered via fertigation every two weeks for a duration of two months. Various plant growth indicators, antioxidant enzyme activities, and fruit production metrics were recorded. Treated plants exhibited significant increases in leaf expansion, chlorophyll content, and flowering compared to untreated controls. Enzymatic assays revealed elevated activity levels of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), alongside a notable increase in total phenolic content, indicating enhanced activation of natural defense mechanisms. Fruit yield improved by approximately 25% without compromising sweetness or fruit size. Although °Brix and individual fruit weight remained unchanged, the uniformity and marketability of fruits improved. These findings suggest that the synergy between EM, S. platensis, and vermicompost effectively supports both metabolic function and productivity in strawberry cultivation. The use of this biostimulant formulation may offer a practical and sustainable tool for improving horticultural output while minimizing dependence on chemical inputs. Further trials in field conditions are recommended to validate these results across diverse environments and production systems. https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_106151.html Chili peppers worldwide are severely affected by both biotic and abiotic stresses, leading to substantial yield losses. The heavy reliance on chemical pesticides poses environmental risks and has proven ineffective, particularly in controlling vectors that transmit viral diseases. Therefore, sustainable chili pepper production necessitates urgent efforts to develop biotic stress-resistant cultivars. This study aimed to identify valuable genetic material and introduce resistance genes against insects, fungal pathogens, and viral diseases into commercial cultivars. From July 2022 to February 2023, five accessions and four varieties of chili pepper were screened for broad-spectrum resistance under field conditions at the Indonesian Vegetables Research Institute. The result indicated that accessions 5x1, 5x2, 2x5, and 4x5, and the varieties Carla Agrihorti, Hot Beauty, Inata Agrihorti, and Pilar exhibited resistance to various stresses. Conversely, accession 2x1 was classified as moderately resistant, displaying reduced feeding damage. Accession 2x5 was identified as resistant to oriental fruit flies. Anatomical traits, such as fruit weight, pedicel length, fruit diameter, fruit locule number, and pericarp thickness, were crucial in the resistance mechanism against fruit flies. Additionally, accessions 5x1, 2x1, 2x5, and 4x5 demonstrated resistance to anthracnose. The highest fruit yield was recorded for the varieties Carla Agrihorti, Inata Agrihorti, and Hot Beauty, while accessions 2x5 and 5x1 provide valuable genetic resources for breeding and high yield, thus enhancing the sustainability of chili pepper production in the face of ongoing biotic challenges. https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_105572.html The aim of this study was to investigate the role of ascorbic acid in improving the agronomic and biochemical traits of psyllium under water deficit stress conditions. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse with four irrigation regimes (100%, 75%, 50%, and 25% field capacity) and four concentrations of ascorbic acid (0, 5, 10, and 20 mM) in a factorial design based on a randomize complete block design. Averaged across all ascorbic acid levels, water deficit stress significantly reduced agronomic traits while increasing the mucilage, total phenol, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of the seeds. HPLC analysis indicated that the highest levels of gallic acid were observed under stress conditions at 75% field capacity with a concentration of 5 mM (91.467 mg/100 g of seed). Rutin was found under normal conditions with 10 mM ascorbic acid and at 75% field capacity with 20 mM ascorbic acid (49.50 and 48.49 mg/100 g of seed, respectively). Additionally, p-coumaric acid was highest at 75% field capacity with 0 mM ascorbic acid (8.47 mg/100 g of seed), while cinnamic acid was also highest at 75% field capacity with 0 mM ascorbic acid (3.30 mg/100 g of seed). The metabolites apigenin and kaempferol were not detected in the seeds. The increase in seed yield and quality of P. ovata L. resulting from the exogenous application of ascorbic acid under both water stress and non-stress conditions could be a promising strategy for enhancing drought tolerance and increasing the production of bioactive compounds in seeds. https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_105706.html In this study, sodium alginate (SA) treatments (0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5%) were employed to maintaining the nutritional value of apricot in cold (2 ± 0.5 °C) storage periods (0, 8, 16, and 24 days). According to the findings, the control sample exhibited maximum weight loss until the 24th day. All SA concentrations had a positive effect on maintaining fruit weight and firmness. Maximum values of total acids, vitamin C, and taste in the final stage were observed in the SA 1%. The SA treatment had the highest antioxidant activity in all periods of storage. Unlike phenol, antioxidant activity, and vitamin C, there was an increase in flavonoid content during storage. Although the highest flavonoid content registered in control sample. All SA treatments increased the peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activity, while maintaining flavor and aroma compared to the control. Even though the nutritional value of apricots treated with SA was high, we observed SA 1% has more acceptance from the consumer's point of view in the final storage period. https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_106152.html A pot experiment was carried out at the Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt, during the two consecutive seasons of 2022 and 2023 to evaluate the effects of saline water and foliar-applied stimulants on roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L., cultivar Sabahia 17). The study tested saline irrigation at 0, 2000, 3000, and 4000 ppm alongside foliar applications of salicylic acid (0, 50, and 100 ppm) and potassium silicate (1 and 2 ml/l). Key parameters assessed included plant growth, yield components and chemical traits. Increasing saline levels significantly reduced growth, yield, fixed oil, anthocyanin, and acidity, whereas irrigation at 2000 ppm improved these traits. In contrast, higher salinity elevated sodium and proline levels. Foliar treatments, particularly 100 ppm salicylic acid and potassium silicate at 2 ml/l, effectively enhanced growth and yield attributes while reducing the adverse accumulation of sodium and proline. The interactive effects of saline water and stimulant applications indicated that the combined treatment of low saline stress (2000 ppm) with 100 ppm salicylic acid most effectively mitigated salinity-induced stress and promoted overall plant performance. https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_104470.html This experiment focused on the production and evaluation of interspecies hybrids of Cucurbita (Cucurbita maxima × Cucurbita moschata) for use as rootstocks in cucurbit crops such as cantaloupe. The study involved cultivating and crossing various pumpkin and squash varieties under both controlled and field conditions, assessing germination viability and pollen fertility, and evaluating the morphological traits of the rootstocks. These evaluations were conducted over two years (2019 and 2020) at the research field and greenhouse of the University of Tehran, Iran. A total of 307 crosses were performed, of which 17 successfully formed fruit and produced seeds. The results indicated that characteristics such as hypocotyl length and diameter, germination percentage, and pollen fertility are critical factors influencing transplant success. Notably, the hybrids MB525×SI8910 and MB525×SB409 demonstrated strong performance in terms of morphological indices. For instance, MB525×SI8910 exhibited improvements of 44.26%, 22.22%, and 62.16% over the Takii rootstock in terms of hypocotyl length, diameter, and shoot dry matter, respectively. Although some hybrids showed high levels of pollen infertility, likely due to genetic incompatibility and environmental factors, several hybrids with favorable characteristics were identified. These hybrids show promise for use as commercial rootstocks. The observed traits suggest that producing well-adapted hybrids can enhance plant establishment under environmental stress and potentially increase both the yield and quality of horticultural crops. This research offers valuable insights into the application of interspecies hybrids in modern agriculture and underscores the need for future studies to focus on optimizing the genetic and environmental attributes of these rootstocks.  https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_103694.html Secondary metabolites are essential for plant defense, ecological interactions, and human health. In vitro seed and embryo cultures provide a controlled environment for studying these compounds. This manuscript examines the effects of elicitors on secondary metabolite production in such cultures. It highlights the significance and an application of secondary metabolites, introduces the concept of elicitors, and explains their role in enhancing metabolite production. Elicitors are categorized into biotic and abiotic types, with their mechanisms described in detail. The manuscript includes case studies and experimental data demonstrating the impact of elicitors on various cultures, emphasizing benefits such as increased yield, enhanced bioactivity, and improved quality. Challenges, such as cytotoxicity and response variability, are also discussed. The need for further research to optimize elicitor-based strategies for maximizing secondary metabolite production is underscored. This work serves as a valuable resource for researchers investigating the role of elicitors in plant biotechnology. https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_103761.html The expansion of superior durian (Durio zibethinus) cultivation, native to Indonesia, is essential to meet the increasing demand in both domestic and international markets. Grafting is widely recognized as the most effective propagation method for large-scale seedling production. However, the availability of scion material from elite local durian trees is limited, as these trees generally produce thin branches located at heights exceeding 15 meters, making collection challenging. This study evaluated the effects of scion diameter and benzylaminopurine (BAP) concentration, as well as their interaction, on grafting success in superior local durian. A completely randomized factorial design was employed, consisting of three scion diameters (2, 3, and 4 mm) and four BAP concentrations (0, 75, 125, and 250 ppm), resulting in 12 treatment combinations, each replicated three times. The observed parameters included the number of live shoots, bud break time, number of leaves, and grafting and acclimatization success rates. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA at a significance level of P < 0.05, followed by an HSD test, while grafting and acclimatization success were assessed descriptively. The results showed that both scion diameter and BAP concentration had significant independent effects on bud break time and leaf count but not on the number of live shoots. Based on these findings, scion diameters of 3–4 mm combined with BAP concentrations of 75–125 ppm are recommended to optimize grafting outcomes in superior local durian propagation.  https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_103763.html The study investigated the effects of irrigation regimes (well-watered, wet-dry, and dry down conditions) and grafting (whereby high and low vigour rootstock genotypes (Maxifort, Unifort and Beaufort) were grafted unto a commercial cultivar (Money Maker), on the growth, gas exchange (stomatal conductance and photosynthesis) and water use efficiency of tomato. The results showed that irrigation level, especially dry down treatment, increased root and shoot biomass,leaf total soluble sugar contents, stomatal conductance, photosynthetic CO2 assimilation of tomato compared to the well-watered treatment. Tomato root and shoot biomass, stomatal conductance, photosynthetic CO2 assimilation, and the instantaneous (A/E) and intrinsic (A/gs) water use efficiency (WUE) were greater in grafted tomato plants and differed according to rootstock genotypes and soil moisture status. Under well-watered condition, instantaneous water use efficiency was highest for nongrafted scions and lowest for Unifort while for wet-dry situation, the instantaneous water use efficiency was highest for Maxifort and lowest for Unifort. Grafting modified the growth and physiological attributes of tomato and appeared to increase tolerance to rootzone water stress. Key growth and physiological attributes of tomato measured would be useful for selection of rootstock-scion genotypes for improving performance especially under variable watering levels. irrigation regimes and grafting strategies can be adopted for improving moisture deficit tolerance and water use efficiency (water saving attributes) of tomato. https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_103764.html The use of brassinosteroids (BRs) in various crops is increasingly studied to improve yields and productivity. This study evaluated the effect of two BRs on the growth of Lactuca sativa var. 'Divina' under soil and hydroponic conditions. Treatments included 24-epibrassinolide (EP24) and a formulation based on a spirostan analogue (BB16). Both BRs showed growth-promoting effects, with EP24 showing stronger effect. Canopy fresh weight and root fresh weight exhibited an increase of 107% (soil) and 60% (hydroponics), and 34% (soil) and 110% (hydroponics), respectively, in response to EP24. Likewise, the canopy dry weight rose by 35% in soil and 76% in hydroponics, while root dry weight increased by 42% and 118%, respectively, in response to EP24. Leaf area increased by 34% and 68% in soil, and 28% and 33% in hydroponics, in response to BB16 and EP24, respectively. Leaf number rose by 24% (soil) and 34% (hydroponics) with BB16, and 29% and 56% with EP24. Chlorophyll content in hydroponically grown plants also showed an increment of 37% and 40% when treated with BB16 or EP24, respectively, as compared with control plants. Both BRs promoted root development and improved postharvest performance, as evidenced by a reduction of 18% when treated with BB16 and 22% with EP24 in cut leaves under hydroponic cultivation, while the whole canopy loss decreased by 25% and 49%, respectively. In soil, EP24 reduced the whole canopy loss by 35%. These findings highlight the potential of BRs as sustainable bioinputs to enhance lettuce growth and reduce postharvest losses. https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_103762.html In recent years, science and industry have increasingly focused on nanotechnology, particularly the synthesis of nanoparticles. Although various synthesis methods are available, many are inefficient in terms of material and energy consumption. Green chemistry offers an alternative, emphasizing the use of plant-based materials as a reliable, straightforward, non-toxic, and eco-friendly approach that bridges nanotechnology and biotechnology. The present study investigated a novel method for synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using leaf and flower extracts of feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium L.). When the extract was exposed to aqueous silver ions, reduction occurred, resulting in the green synthesis of AgNPs. Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis) showed a characteristic absorbance peak at 400 nm, confirming nanoparticle formation. The zeta potential of the AgNPs ranged from –30 to –90 mV, indicating good stability. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) revealed an average particle size of 68.6 nm, while field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images indicated an average size of 65.7 nm. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) confirmed the presence of elemental silver, validating nanoparticle synthesis. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis further supported these findings, showing an average particle size of 67.7 nm. Fouriertransform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy identified peaks at 3436, 2929, 1604, 1383, and 1029 cm–1, corresponding to functional groups involved in nanoparticle stabilization. In conclusion, these findings demonstrated that the nanophytosynthesis of AgNPs using T. parthenium extracts is a rapid, efficient, eco-friendly, and simple alternative to conventional synthetic methods.  https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_104913.html Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is among one of ancient fruit crops known in Tunisia. The arrival of the Moriscos from Spain has further developed the cultivation of pomegranate tree, which became the emblem of the region of Testour. In order to better characterize and understand pomegranate production systems resilience in Testour, prospections and surveys were conducted in the region. Surveys have taken into account sex, age of farmers, species and varietal diversity, traditional knowledge, marketing of pomegranate fruits, production constraints and farmer’s williness. A total of eleven pomegranate producing areas were identified. As a result of the inheritance of a valuable knowledge from one generation to another, Testour region maintained a large range of pomegranate varieties and traditional agricultural techniques. Old diversified orchards “Andalusian type” were well preserved together with new intensive plantations. Local farmers played a crucial role in the preservation and management of plant genetic resources and biodiversity. Pomegranate fruit gained a particular notoriety. However, some varieties became rare and require special attention to preserve their genetic endowments. Testour agrosystem edaphoclimatic and agrotechnical particularities, inherited and improved local agricultural know-how, historical and landscape specificities constituted favorable conditions for the resilience of pomegranate cultivation. Polyculture practices and the interaction between the diversified system components allowed the production of superior quality fruits. Thus, the already undertaken process of labeling of “Pomegranates of Testour” would reinforce the resilience of this agrosystem of global interest in the context of global climatic and socioeconomic changes. https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_105561.html Durian (Durio zibethinus) is a promising tropical fruit and commodity in the domestic and international markets. Indonesia's durian production has increased over the past two years, but only one-third is suitable for export, as the fruit quality does not yet meet market standards. The regions of Sanggau and Singkawang in West Kalimantan are home to several superior durian varieties that thrive in the forests. Characterizing the genetic diversity of these superior durians is crucial for the provision of high-quality durian seedlings. Genetic diversity characterization using molecular markers is more efficient, effective, and independent of environmental factors. Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) is a molecular marker that is relatively simple, fast and does not require prior knowledge of the target genome. This study aims to analyze the genetic diversity of superior durians from Sanggau and Singkawang using ISSR markers. The study detected the allele profiles of 21 superior durian accessions from PCR results using 11 ISSR primers. The results indicated a high polymorphic percentage of 91.73%. Specific alleles were identified in 12 accessions, with a total of 24 specific alleles. This study demonstrates that the genetic diversity of superior durians from Sanggau and Singkawang, as revealed by ISSR markers, is relatively high, as each accession originated from a seed. https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_104914.html Strawberries are high-value crops prized for their nutritional and economic significance. This study hypothesized that root-zone temperature (RZT) and growing media (GM) influence strawberry growth and physiological responses. While individual effects of RZT or GM have been studied, little is known about their combined impact on hydroponic strawberries. To address this gap, we investigated how RZT and GM affect growth, stolon formation, and physiological changes in ‘Akihime’ strawberries. A factorial experiment was conducted using four RZT treatments (10 ± 2, 15 ± 2, 20 ± 2, and 25 ± 2 °C) and two growing media (peat moss + perlite and water culture). The greenhouse conditions were maintained at 25 ± 2 °C with 70–80% relative humidity and a photosynthetic photon flux density of 241 µmol m–2 s–1. The results indicated that RZTs of 15 ± 2 °C and 20 ± 2 °C improved overall plant growth and biomass accumulation, while 25 ± 2 °C promoted stolon and runner development but hindered daughter plant formation. Substrate-based media outperformed water culture in supporting stolon and runner production. Leaf nitrogen and potassium concentrations peaked at 10 ± 2 °C and 15 ± 2 °C, respectively, with water-culture medium enhanced nitrogen uptake. Leaf ATP concentration was highest at 20 ± 2 °C in substrate-grown plants, whereas root ATP peaked at 25 ± 2 °C in water culture. These findings demonstrate that careful management of RZT and GM can improve greenhouse strawberry productivity, and growers can tailor production strategies to meet specific cultivation goals. https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_104915.html The post-harvest deterioration of orange fruit quality, including weight loss and changes in biochemical attributes, which is exacerbated by drought stress and can be influenced by pre-harvest treatments and storage conditions. This two-year study (2021-2022) analyzed the contribution of pre-harvest foliar applications of chitosan (500 ppm) and melatonin (100 µM), individually and in combination, on the post-harvest quality of ten-year-old ‘Valencia’ and ‘Thomson Navel’ orange trees under well-watered and water-stressed (40% FC) conditions. The experiment, conducted at a commercial citrus orchard in Sari, Iran, employed a factorial experiment based on RCBD design with irrigation levels and foliar treatments as pre-harvest factors. During the post-harvest stage, fruits were stored for 0, 30, 60, and 90 d under either traditional or modified atmosphere packaging (MAP: 10% CO2, 5% O2, 85% N2) at 5 °C. Results indicated a significant increase in weight loss of fruit, reaching a minimum of 118.1 g for ‘Valencia’ and 175 g for ‘Thomson Navel’ after 90 d. Additionally, total soluble solids increased during storage, while MAP effectively mitigated weight loss. Drought stress further decreased fruit weight and TSS. However, chitosan and melatonin, particularly when used together, inhibition of loss of weight. The combined treatment resulted in the smallest weight reduction (3.08%) in ‘Valencia’ oranges after 30d. Antioxidant enzyme activities (DPPH,APX,SOD,POX,PPO, and PAL) generally increased with storage, but MAP decreased DPPH, SOD, and POX activities, while increasing APX and PAL. For instance,the highest DPPH activity (52.64%) was observed after chitosan application. Drought stress and chitosan/melatonin increased antioxidant enzyme activity. https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_104912.html This study aimed to identify and characterize olive cultivars with high nutritional value to enhance profitability in olive cultivation, olive oil production, and export. We focused on genotypes from the Minodasht olive collection, which represents a substantial portion of Iranian olive diversity. A two-year study (2020–2022) was conducted to evaluate 23 and later 30 genotypes for tocopherol content as well as qualitative and quantitative olive oil indices. After olive fruit collection, we analyzed olive oil quality by measuring acid value (free fatty acid percentage), peroxide value, and alpha-tocopherol content. The maturity index and oil content were assessed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy based on dry weight, while alpha-tocopherol was quantified via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) according to ISO 9936 standards. Our results showed significant variability among olive genotypes in tocopherol content and oil quality. In 2020, Azadshahr 2 and T12 had the highest alpha-tocopherol levels (273.89 and 222.67 mg L–1, respectively), while T23 and Benvareh 7 had the lowest (168.34 and 169.95 mg L–1). In 2021, T14 and Chamjeh 1 recorded the highest levels (192.87 and 192.85 mg L–1), whereas Savari and Malek Shahi had the lowest (72.43 and 16.73 mg L–1). Notably, significant differences in acidity were observed, with T23 and T24 showing the lowest values in 2020, and Shiraz and Torshk in 2021. Overall, genotypes Azadshahr 2, T12, T14, and Chamjeh 1 displayed superior olive oil yield and quality, highlighting their potential for improved cultivation and commercial use. https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_105560.html Deficit irrigation as a water-saving strategy for olive trees in semi-arid regions of Iran has received limited research attention. This study addressed this gap by investigating its effects on the ‘Zard’ olive cultivar over two years. Six irrigation regimes were compared, including control (C) (100% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) throughout the growing season), Sustained Deficit Irrigation 1 (SDI1) (75% ETc throughout the growing season), Sustained Deficit Irrigation 2 (SDI2) (50% ETc throughout the growing season), Regulated Deficit Irrigation 1 (RDI1) (75% ETc from 4 to 9 weeks after full bloom), Regulated Deficit Irrigation 2 (RDI2) (50% ETc from 4 to 9 weeks after full bloom) and Regulated Deficit Irrigation 3 (RDI3) (50% ETc for 2 weeks before harvest). Sustained deficit irrigation (SDI1 and SDI2) and RDI2 negatively impacted flower number and perfect flower formation (except RDI3) in the second year. Fruit set was not significantly affected by RDI1 and RDI3 compared to the control, but SDI2 significantly reduced both fruit weight and pulp-to-pit ratio. Fruit yield and oil content were negatively affected by SDI1, SDI2, and RDI2 compared to the control. However, RDI1 and RDI3 showed no significant difference from the control in these aspects. Regulated deficit irrigation (RDI1 and RDI3) with a minor reduction in applied water is recommended for semi-arid regions (excluding Mediterranean climates) to achieve high fruit yield and oil content while conserving water. https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_104635.html This study evaluated the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and Trichoderma harzianum on growth, essential oil (EO) yield, and physiological traits in two spearmints (Mentha spicata) and one peppermint (Mentha × piperita) landrace. AMF treatments included Glomus etunicatum and Glomus fasciculatum, while T. harzianum was also tested. Combined inoculations significantly enhanced plant height, EO yield, and phytochemical composition. Spearmint plants treated with G. fasciculatum + T. harzianum reached the tallest height, and EO yields peaked at 2.8% in spearmint (Qaemshahr landrace) and 2.6% in spearmint (Vardavard landrace) under similar treatment. Limonene content in spearmint reached 20% with G. fasciculatum, while carvone peaked at 54% with G. etunicatum + T. harzianum. In peppermint, menthol content was highest (40.25%) with T. harzianum alone, and L-menthone peaked (34.9%) under G. fasciculatum + T. harzianum. Photosynthesis rates, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rates were highest in peppermint treated with G. fasciculatum + T. harzianum during the second harvest. Additionally, the greenness index peaked in peppermint treated with T. harzianum alone. These findings demonstrate the synergistic potential of AMF and T. harzianum in improving growth, physiological traits, and EO production in mint species, offering a promising strategy to enhance commercial mint cultivation. https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_105702.html Three populations of chia (Salvia hispanica) were used. They were obtained from different sources. No realistic differences were detected among these populations; therefore, only one chia population was chosen for the current breeding assessment. Due to the wide range of plant heights observed, this variable was used as a classification factor among the germplasm. It is easy to be distinguish visually and is usually used as a monitor to seed yield. The plant height was categorized tall population (90-110 cm), medium (70-89 cm) and short (50-69 cm). Because chia is self-pollinated and fertilized crop, it was assumed to be a composite of pure lines. Progeny test results confirmed the genetic purity status (homozygosity) of the selected plants within population of different plant height categories. Narrow sense heritability estimated by parent-offspring regression ranged from 0.26 (spike length) to 0.97 (plant height). Consequently, the expected selection response values were high for the most studied traits. All traits exhibited strong genotypic associations and were associated with unity (1.00) in some cases with seed weight per plants. This was reflected well in the parameters of the correlated response and relative efficiency of indirect selection. Selection for seed weight affected all other traits with varying degrees of correlated response. breeding chia lines were derived following tandem multi-traits selection. Two of these lines (1 and 7) seemed to hold a promise for improving chia. These lines may directly be utilized in production of chia after testing their stability or as parental genetic material in cross breeding. https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_104636.html Purpose: Biostimulants are compounds that enhance plant productivity by activating metabolic processes, resulting in increased growth and synthesis of secondary metabolites through the stimulation of plant defense mechanisms. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of carbon nanoparticles (fullerene) on the growth and yield of feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium L.) during two harvest periods in 2021.Methodes: The research was conducted using a factorial arrangement within a completely randomized design with three replications in an open-field environment at the Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University.Results: Results showed that treatment with fullerene nanoparticles significantly increased the fresh and dry weights of aerial parts, the number of flowers, essential oil concentration, and parthenolide content in the plants. Additionally, the harvest stage had a significant impact on morphological traits, with the first harvest stage producing the best growth characteristics.Conclusions: These findings could help in developing effective strategies for enhancing secondary metabolite production in medicinal plants.