https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/ International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology en daily 1 Sat, 01 May 2027 00:00:00 +0330 Sat, 01 May 2027 00:00:00 +0330 https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_105705.html Our objective was to study strategies to mitigate the effect of water deficit and anaerobic stress (flooding) on Talisia esculenta Radlk seedlings treated with potassium silicate (K2SiO3) or salicylic acid (SA). In the first experiment, the seedlings were exposed to water restriction (WR) for 15 and 35 days, and in the second experiment, they were exposed to flooding (FL) for 15, 30 and 45 days. In both experiments, the seedlings were grown under normal irrigated conditions, WR or FL without or with foliar application of SA (200 mg L–1) and K2SiO3 (10.0 mL L–1). Under WR, the seedlings decreased photosynthetic metabolism and chlorophyll indices, but increased proline content in the leaves, without reducing growth. SA and K2SiO3 attenuated the effects of water restriction for 15 days and contributed to tolerance of seedlings under these conditions. Under FL, seedlings emitted hypertrophied lenticels, but with lower photosynthetic activity. K2SiO3 was more efficient than SA in mitigating the effects of flooding stress for 45 days. SA did not maintain growth under flooding. Under WR, the seedlings showed only 30% survival compared to 100% of seedlings under FL, both without the application of K2SiO3 or SA. However, under water restriction, the application of K2SiO3 provided 80% survival, a result much higher than that of seedlings treated with SA, which showed only 40% survival. T. esculenta has demonstrated potential to cope with water stress, and K2SiO3 has the potential to mitigate stress, representing a strategy for seedling production under adverse conditions for a short period. https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_106150.html Iris pseudacorus L. is an important endangered plant and is commonly cultivated for its aesthetic and medicinal value. Optimization of in vitro culture conditions, callus development, somatic embryogenesis, and plant regeneration constitutes the critical and initial step for successful propagation. This study investigated the effects of various concentrations(low to high)of 2,4-Dand kinetin on callus formation parameters and secondary metabolite production. Conducted as a factorial experiment with a completely randomized design, it included15treatments(plant growth regulators) under different light conditions (light and darkness). Results indicated that darkness had a more pronounced positive effect on callus development than light. The highest total phenol content(47.95 mg(100g)-1)was found in the treatment of 7.5mgL-12,4-D+0kinetin. Additionally, the treatment of 2.5 mgL-1 2,4-D+0.5 mgL-1 kinetin yielded the highest flavonoid content(72.08mgg-1), while10mgL-12,4-D+ 1mgL-1kinetin produced the lowest. Light conditions favoured greater flavonoid production compared to darkness. Treatment interactions did not significantly affect anthocyanin production. The highest amount of anthocyanin was produced (0.0804 µmol(gFW)-1) in the treatment of 0 mgL-1 of 2,4-D and 1 mgL-1 of kinetin. About embryogenesis rate, the highest rate observed in callus subcultures in MS medium supplemented with1mgL-1 kinetin+1 mgL-1IBA. The embryogenesis rate positively correlated with increased phenol content, this study demonstrated successful somatic embryogenesis, callus formation, and enhanced secondary metabolite production through optimized hormonal compounds at novel concentrations in Yellow Flag, which had not been tested until now. The methods presented in this research are very valuable for increasing the production of secondary metabolites of this important medicinal and ornamental plant in the pharmaceutical industry. https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_105569.html Salicylic acid (SA) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) enhance freezing tolerance in Damask rose (Rosa damascena) through distinct biochemical and physiological mechanisms. This study evaluated foliar applications of SA (1 and 2 mM), GABA (20 and 50 mM), and distilled water (control) on five-year-old Rosa damascena plants under spring freezing stress in Bardsir, Iran, using a completely randomized design with three replications. SA at 2 mM significantly reduced membrane injury indices and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in leaves and stems, while increasing proline, soluble carbohydrates, and total chlorophyll content for osmotic and photosynthetic stability. In flowers, SA at 2 mM increased petal weight, phenolic content, anthocyanins, and flavonoids. GABA at 20 mM provided moderate protection, but 50 mM was less effective, often comparable to the control. No significant effects were observed on flower diameter or essential oil content. Correlation analysis showed strong negative relationships between protective traits (e.g., proline, carbohydrates) and damage indicators (e.g., injury indices, MDA). SA at 2 mM exhibited superior efficacy in enhancing freezing tolerance, offering potential for improving yield and quality in cold-prone regions. https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_105570.html Nitric oxide (NO) is recognized as a crucial signaling molecule involved in plant defense mechanisms, including salinity stress. The present study investigated the effects of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) application, as a donor of NO, on some morphophysiological and biochemical characteristics of stress tolerance in Pyrodwarf pear rootstocks (Pyrus communis) under salinity stress. The experiment was conducted as a factorial design tested 4 SNP (0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1 mM) × 4 NaCl (0, 50, 100, and 150 mM) levels. Salinity stress reduced leaf number, shoot length, and protein content. However, it increased electrolyte leakage, H2O2, ascorbate content, and leaf concentrations of Na+ and Cl–. SNP application significantly increased leaf number, protein content, leaf chlorophyll and carotenoids. Moreover, it effectively reduced electrolyte leakage (EL), H2O2, and leaf concentrations of Na+ and Cl–. The activity of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), an important antioxidant enzyme, increased in response to NaCl stress, and notably, the application of SNP further enhanced the activity of this enzyme. The results indicated that SNP application reduced NaCl stress to some extent. Although no significant interaction was detected for growth indices, SNP mitigated the adverse effects of salinity primarily through its main effects on growth and its interactive effects on biochemical and antioxidant traits. Overall, the findings highlight the pivotal role of SNP in enhancing salinity tolerance under short-term stress conditions by modulating physiological and biochemical responses. https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_106533.html This study investigated the efficacy of manganese sulfate (MnSO₄) foliar application in enhancing cold tolerance of Yaqooti grapevines by regulating antioxidant enzymes and osmolyte accumulation. Vines were treated with MnSO₄ (0, 4000, or 8000 ppm) and exposed to control (24°C) or chilling stress (4°C) conditions. Physiological and biochemical parameters - including chlorophyll content, ion leakage, malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), osmolytes, phenolics, and antioxidant enzymes - were analyzed.Results demonstrated that MnSO₄ alleviated cold-induced damage. While chilling stress increased ion leakage and MDA (indicating membrane damage), MnSO₄ application significantly reduced these effects. The 4000 ppm MnSO₄ treatment enhanced soluble sugar content compared to cold-stressed controls. Furthermore, it increased total phenolics and flavonoids by 35% and 27%, respectively, with more pronounced effects at 8000 ppm. Notably, 4000 ppm MnSO₄ boosted catalase (CAT) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) activities by 60% and 40% under cold stress compared to untreated stressed vines.These findings indicate that manganese sulfate improves cold resilience in Yaqooti grapevines by enhancing antioxidant defense systems and promoting adaptive metabolite accumulation, thereby stabilizing cellular membranes under low-temperature stress https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_105844.html The current investigation evaluated the influence of organic amendments, specifically poultry manure (PM), and micronutrients, namely manganese (MnSO₄) and zinc (ZnSO₄), on the growth, yield, and chemical composition of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). Utilizing a split-plot design with three replications, the study assessed poultry manure as the main factor at four application rates: 0 (control), 3, 6, and 9 m³/fed. The secondary factor comprised five foliar treatments: tap water (control), MnSO₄ at 50 and 100 ppm, and ZnSO₄ at 50 and 100 ppm. The results demonstrated that poultry manure at 9 m³/fed significantly enhanced plant growth parameters, yield, essential oil production, and chemical properties compared to lower application rates and the control. Similarly, foliar applications MnSO₄ at 100 ppm improved plant development, encompassing height, branch number, herb dry weight, and fruit yield, along with essential oil content and chemical constituents. The most pronounced effects were observed with the combined treatment of poultry manure at 9 m³/fed and MnSO₄ at 100 ppm, which, across two consecutive growing seasons, increased plant height by 25.8% and 29.7%, branch number by 77.6% and 65.3%, herb dry weight by 134.8% and 116.3%, fruit yield per feddan by 128.6% and 100.2%, and essential oil percentage by 50.0% and 50.2%, respectively, relative to the control. These findings underscore the efficacy of integrating organic manure with targeted micronutrient applications as a sustainable strategy to restore soil fertility and optimize coriander production. https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_105571.html The development of environmentally friendly strategies to support crop productivity is increasingly vital in modern horticulture. This study assessed the impact of a novel biostimulant composed of effective microorganisms (EM), Spirulina platensis, and earthworm humus on the physiological performance, defense response, and yield of strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa cv. Albion) grown in pots. The experiment was carried out under semi-controlled conditions at CREA in Pescia, Italy, with biostimulant applications delivered via fertigation every two weeks for a duration of two months. Various plant growth indicators, antioxidant enzyme activities, and fruit production metrics were recorded. Treated plants exhibited significant increases in leaf expansion, chlorophyll content, and flowering compared to untreated controls. Enzymatic assays revealed elevated activity levels of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD), alongside a notable increase in total phenolic content, indicating enhanced activation of natural defense mechanisms. Fruit yield improved by approximately 25% without compromising sweetness or fruit size. Although °Brix and individual fruit weight remained unchanged, the uniformity and marketability of fruits improved. These findings suggest that the synergy between EM, S. platensis, and vermicompost effectively supports both metabolic function and productivity in strawberry cultivation. The use of this biostimulant formulation may offer a practical and sustainable tool for improving horticultural output while minimizing dependence on chemical inputs. Further trials in field conditions are recommended to validate these results across diverse environments and production systems. https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_106151.html Chili peppers worldwide are severely affected by both biotic and abiotic stresses, leading to substantial yield losses. The heavy reliance on chemical pesticides poses environmental risks and has proven ineffective, particularly in controlling vectors that transmit viral diseases. Therefore, sustainable chili pepper production necessitates urgent efforts to develop biotic stress-resistant cultivars. This study aimed to identify valuable genetic material and introduce resistance genes against insects, fungal pathogens, and viral diseases into commercial cultivars. From July 2022 to February 2023, five accessions and four varieties of chili pepper were screened for broad-spectrum resistance under field conditions at the Indonesian Vegetables Research Institute. The result indicated that accessions 5x1, 5x2, 2x5, and 4x5, and the varieties Carla Agrihorti, Hot Beauty, Inata Agrihorti, and Pilar exhibited resistance to various stresses. Conversely, accession 2x1 was classified as moderately resistant, displaying reduced feeding damage. Accession 2x5 was identified as resistant to oriental fruit flies. Anatomical traits, such as fruit weight, pedicel length, fruit diameter, fruit locule number, and pericarp thickness, were crucial in the resistance mechanism against fruit flies. Additionally, accessions 5x1, 2x1, 2x5, and 4x5 demonstrated resistance to anthracnose. The highest fruit yield was recorded for the varieties Carla Agrihorti, Inata Agrihorti, and Hot Beauty, while accessions 2x5 and 5x1 provide valuable genetic resources for breeding and high yield, thus enhancing the sustainability of chili pepper production in the face of ongoing biotic challenges. https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_105572.html The aim of this study was to investigate the role of ascorbic acid in improving the agronomic and biochemical traits of psyllium under water deficit stress conditions. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse with four irrigation regimes (100%, 75%, 50%, and 25% field capacity) and four concentrations of ascorbic acid (0, 5, 10, and 20 mM) in a factorial design based on a randomize complete block design. Averaged across all ascorbic acid levels, water deficit stress significantly reduced agronomic traits while increasing the mucilage, total phenol, total flavonoid content, and antioxidant activity of the seeds. HPLC analysis indicated that the highest levels of gallic acid were observed under stress conditions at 75% field capacity with a concentration of 5 mM (91.467 mg/100 g of seed). Rutin was found under normal conditions with 10 mM ascorbic acid and at 75% field capacity with 20 mM ascorbic acid (49.50 and 48.49 mg/100 g of seed, respectively). Additionally, p-coumaric acid was highest at 75% field capacity with 0 mM ascorbic acid (8.47 mg/100 g of seed), while cinnamic acid was also highest at 75% field capacity with 0 mM ascorbic acid (3.30 mg/100 g of seed). The metabolites apigenin and kaempferol were not detected in the seeds. The increase in seed yield and quality of P. ovata L. resulting from the exogenous application of ascorbic acid under both water stress and non-stress conditions could be a promising strategy for enhancing drought tolerance and increasing the production of bioactive compounds in seeds. https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_105706.html In this study, sodium alginate (SA) treatments (0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5%) were employed to maintaining the nutritional value of apricot in cold (2 ± 0.5 °C) storage periods (0, 8, 16, and 24 days). According to the findings, the control sample exhibited maximum weight loss until the 24th day. All SA concentrations had a positive effect on maintaining fruit weight and firmness. Maximum values of total acids, vitamin C, and taste in the final stage were observed in the SA 1%. The SA treatment had the highest antioxidant activity in all periods of storage. Unlike phenol, antioxidant activity, and vitamin C, there was an increase in flavonoid content during storage. Although the highest flavonoid content registered in control sample. All SA treatments increased the peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activity, while maintaining flavor and aroma compared to the control. Even though the nutritional value of apricots treated with SA was high, we observed SA 1% has more acceptance from the consumer's point of view in the final storage period. https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_107731.html In the present study, 30 male and female genotypes were selected from seedling trees originating from open pollination of five pistachio cultivars (‘Akbari’, ‘Badami’, ‘Sarakhs’, ‘Kirmizi’, and ‘Siirt’) to investigate factors associated with the juvenile and adult growth phases in pistachio and to identify genotypes characterized by a short juvenile period. The genotypes were evaluated for vegetative and reproductive traits. The results revealed a wide range of variation in the morphological traits and juvenile periods among the studied genotypes. The S16-4 genotype, parented by the ‘Siirt’ cultivar, was characterized by white nuts and a green kernel. It exhibited the shortest juvenile period among the studied genotypes. Among the male genotypes, BZ11-3 displayed the longest flowering period (21 days) and favorable yield, while the S16-2 genotype, distinguished by its upright growth habit and relatively long flowering period (13 days), was also notable. Correlation analysis between vegetative and reproductive traits indicated that, in female genotypes, rachis length was positively correlated with leaf length and leaf width . In male genotypes, pollen weight showed a negative correlation with the number of leaflets and a positive correlation with shoot length . Based on the results of this study, it can be postulated that a shorter juvenile period in pistachio trees was associated with more efficient reserve utilization and greater dry matter accumulation. Therefore, factors such as larger leaf dimensions, and higher leaf area that promotes vegetative growth and increases storage capacity of carbohydrate may contribute to a reduction in the juvenile period. https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_106535.html In this study, pollen compatibility as well as identification of self-incompatibility alleles of selected cultivars and genotypes including ‘MSK81’, ‘MSK82’, ‘MSK83’, ‘MSK84’, ‘Shahrood12’ cultivar and ‘Shokufeh’ as paternal cultivar with ‘Shahrood12’ cultivar as parent with two controlled crossbreeding methods in orchard conditions and the polymerase chain reaction was investigated. The results of controlled pollination under garden conditions showed that the highest percentage of fruit set (14.39%) was obtained at the crossing of ‘Shahrood12’ and ‘Shokufeh’ cultivars. The lowest percentage of fruit set (0%) was obtained in pollination of ‘Shahrood12’ cultivar with self-pollen, which showed complete self-incompatibility of this cultivar. The degenerate primers used in this study identified 8 incompatibility alleles and an unknown SA allele with a band size of 550 bp in the studied cultivars and genotypes. The combination of CEBASf and AmyC5R primers did not identify any bands indicating self-compatibility in the genotypes and cultivars studied. The highest amount of kernel oil was obtained as a result of the crossing of ‘Shahrood12’ maternal parent with ‘MSK82’ paternal parent at 54.42%. Also, in the study of the amount of fatty acids, it was found that in the offspring of the cross, the highest amount of oleic acid was obtained in the offspring of the cross between the parent ‘Shahrood12’ and the parent ‘Shokufeh’ (72%). The highest amount of linoleic acid was obtained from the crossing of ‘Shahrood12’ parent with ‘MSK84’ father (18.40%). Also, the highest percentage of palmitic acid (9.50%) was observed in the results of free pollination. https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_108273.html Marigold (Tagetes spp.) is a valuable ornamental crop with aesthetic, commercial, and religious use value and is available in variable varieties, but its diversity in Nepal has not been recorded to date. In this study, 29 marigold landraces were used along with one commercial check variety. Marigold landraces were collected from four districts (Ilam, Jhapa, Morang, and Sunsari) of Nepal, and research was conducted at two locations, Ilam and Sunsari, to assess phenotypic variation in plant height, number of branches, flower diameter, petal number, days to flowering, and yield characteristics in various landraces. GGE biplots was used to rank mean performance and stability for vegetative architecture, floral quality, phenology, and yield. The first principal component explained the majority of G + GE pattern across traits, and hence rankings were reliable. Co16866 and Co16868 possessed stable good architecture with minimal instability. In flower traits, high and stable diameter and peduncle length entries suited cut-flower markets, and high petal number in combination with medium flower weight suited garland use. Phenology separated very clearly between sites: Ilam was earlier, Sunsari was later. Yield confirmed multi-trait signal, with Co16872, Co16859, Co16865, Co16884, and Co16871 being high-stable, and Co16869 low-stable. Commercial check Co16886 was above average but less stable than leaders. Right-side, near-axis entries are suggested to carry forward for broad release, pairing early-stable lines for Ilam with later-stable, longer-peduncle lines for Sunsari to product goals. https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_106152.html A pot experiment was carried out at the Experimental Farm, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt, during the two consecutive seasons of 2022 and 2023 to evaluate the effects of saline water and foliar-applied stimulants on roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L., cultivar Sabahia 17). The study tested saline irrigation at 0, 2000, 3000, and 4000 ppm alongside foliar applications of salicylic acid (0, 50, and 100 ppm) and potassium silicate (1 and 2 ml/l). Key parameters assessed included plant growth, yield components and chemical traits. Increasing saline levels significantly reduced growth, yield, fixed oil, anthocyanin, and acidity, whereas irrigation at 2000 ppm improved these traits. In contrast, higher salinity elevated sodium and proline levels. Foliar treatments, particularly 100 ppm salicylic acid and potassium silicate at 2 ml/l, effectively enhanced growth and yield attributes while reducing the adverse accumulation of sodium and proline. The interactive effects of saline water and stimulant applications indicated that the combined treatment of low saline stress (2000 ppm) with 100 ppm salicylic acid most effectively mitigated salinity-induced stress and promoted overall plant performance. https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_106534.html A field experiment was conducted during the 2022/2023 and 2023/2024 growing seasons at the Almonsha Center in Sohag Governorate, Egypt, to investigate the effects of organic fertilization and some plant extracts foliar applications on ajwain (Trachyspermum ammi) plants. The experiment employed four levels of compost (0, 10, 15, and 20 m³ per fed) and foliar applications utilizing two plant extracts: garlic extract (GE) at concentrations of 0, 10, and 20 ml/l, and moringa extract (ME) at 10 and 20 g/l. These treatments and their interactions were evaluated in terms of vegetative growth (weight of herb dry plant-1), yield (yields of fruit (g) per plant and (kg) per fed), essential oil percentage and yield and some chemical constituents (N, P and K %). The highest compost rate (20 m³/fed) significantly improved all parameters, increasing dry herb weight by 64.3% and 40.7%, fruit yield by 87.7% and 79.5%, and essential oil yield by 98.3% and 88% over the control in the two seasons, respectively. Garlic extract at 20 ml/l was the most effective foliar treatment, enhancing dry herb weight by 20.2% and 16.7%, fruit yield by 48.2% and 38.1%, and essential oil yield by 54.5% and 43.1% over the control in the first and second seasons, respectively. The combination of 20 m³/fed compost with 20 ml/l garlic extract produced the greatest overall improvements. https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_106691.html Dianthus barbatus is an important and widely cultivated ornamental species in temperate regions, valued for its aesthetic appeal and use as both bedding and cut flowers, holding a significant position in the floriculture market. Salinity is a major environmental stress that adversely affects plant growth and performance. This study investigated the effects of 1 mM salicylic acid (SA) on the growth, biochemical, and physiological characteristics of D. barbatus under salt stress. SA application under non-stress conditions significantly increased leaf number, leaf area, and shoot fresh and dry weight. Under salinity levels of 3, 6, and 9 dS•m⁻¹, SA partially alleviated reductions in leaf area and fresh weight, although no significant improvement was observed at the highest salinity level. Additionally, SA enhanced phenolic and flavonoid content, increased antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD and CAT), improved total antioxidant capacity, and reduced electrolyte leakage at all salinity levels, with the greatest effect at 6 dS•m⁻¹. SA also contributed to maintaining or increasing soluble protein, proline, and potassium levels while reducing sodium accumulation in leaves, indicating an ion exclusion mechanism employed by D. barbatus to cope with salt stress. Application of SA, a natural hormone effective at low concentrations, may serve as a cost-effective strategy to enhance growth and salt tolerance in D. barbatus and other ornamental species, potentially reducing losses caused by salinity stress and increasing their economic value. https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_107734.html To determine the ideal melon hybrids, investigate the genotype by environment interaction, and detection of Fom-1 and Fom-2 resistance genes, 23 melon hybrids were investigated in two locations. Which-won-where polygon plot showed that hybrids 1507, 1782, 1404, and 2109 for E1, and hybrids 1486, 1491, 1323, and 2131 for E2 were ideal. Hybrids 1623, 2077, 1323, 1491, 1486, 2109, 1507, 1404, 1782, and 2131 were close to the ideal hybrid, respectively, and they were ideal hybrids in terms of higher fruit yield ability and stability compared to others. According to the results of the TOPSIS index, 6 hybrids including 1623, 1323, 1507, 2077, 1404, and 1491 were common between the two fields. Based on the GGE biplot results. These hybrids were close to the ideal hybrid in terms of higher fruit yield ability and stability, these hybrids also had genes for resistance to Fom-1 or Fom-2, and as promising hybrids in terms of simultaneous selection of yield and desirable traits, yield stability and resistance to Fom-1 or Fom-2 genes can be introduced https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_107733.html This study evaluated the agro-morphological, colorimetric, and physicochemical diversity of 62 grapevine cultivars from the INRA collection of Ain Taoujdate, Morocco, to support germplasm conservation and breeding strategies. Standardized field and laboratory evaluations were conducted over two consecutive seasons (2023–2024), and data were analyzed using ANOVA, MANOVA, principal component analysis (PCA), and cluster analysis. Significant differences (p < 0.001) were observed among cultivars for all traits, with coefficients of variation ranging from 5.72% (pH) to 87.34% (yield per vine), indicating substantial variability. Berry and bunch-related traits exhibited the highest variability, while several physicochemical traits were strongly affected by season. Broad-sense heritability (H2) ranged from 0.54 to 0.99, with the highest values recorded for berry weight, seed number, and hue angle, indicating high genetic control. Cluster analysis grouped the cultivars into four main clusters, while PCA explained 50.74% of total variability, with fruit size, seed characteristics, color indices (L*, C*, H°), and maturity index emerging as the most discriminating traits. The observed diversity—including both seeded and seedless genotypes and a wide range in berry color and sweetness levels—reflects the rich genetic base of Moroccan grapevine germplasm. These findings provide valuable insights for the identification and selection of superior cultivars, supporting the targeted breeding programs to enhance productivity, fruit quality, and resilience in Mediterranean viticulture. https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_104470.html This experiment focused on the production and evaluation of interspecies hybrids of Cucurbita (Cucurbita maxima × Cucurbita moschata) for use as rootstocks in cucurbit crops such as cantaloupe. The study involved cultivating and crossing various pumpkin and squash varieties under both controlled and field conditions, assessing germination viability and pollen fertility, and evaluating the morphological traits of the rootstocks. These evaluations were conducted over two years (2019 and 2020) at the research field and greenhouse of the University of Tehran, Iran. A total of 307 crosses were performed, of which 17 successfully formed fruit and produced seeds. The results indicated that characteristics such as hypocotyl length and diameter, germination percentage, and pollen fertility are critical factors influencing transplant success. Notably, the hybrids MB525×SI8910 and MB525×SB409 demonstrated strong performance in terms of morphological indices. For instance, MB525×SI8910 exhibited improvements of 44.26%, 22.22%, and 62.16% over the Takii rootstock in terms of hypocotyl length, diameter, and shoot dry matter, respectively. Although some hybrids showed high levels of pollen infertility, likely due to genetic incompatibility and environmental factors, several hybrids with favorable characteristics were identified. These hybrids show promise for use as commercial rootstocks. The observed traits suggest that producing well-adapted hybrids can enhance plant establishment under environmental stress and potentially increase both the yield and quality of horticultural crops. This research offers valuable insights into the application of interspecies hybrids in modern agriculture and underscores the need for future studies to focus on optimizing the genetic and environmental attributes of these rootstocks.  https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_103694.html Secondary metabolites are essential for plant defense, ecological interactions, and human health. In vitro seed and embryo cultures provide a controlled environment for studying these compounds. This manuscript examines the effects of elicitors on secondary metabolite production in such cultures. It highlights the significance and an application of secondary metabolites, introduces the concept of elicitors, and explains their role in enhancing metabolite production. Elicitors are categorized into biotic and abiotic types, with their mechanisms described in detail. The manuscript includes case studies and experimental data demonstrating the impact of elicitors on various cultures, emphasizing benefits such as increased yield, enhanced bioactivity, and improved quality. Challenges, such as cytotoxicity and response variability, are also discussed. The need for further research to optimize elicitor-based strategies for maximizing secondary metabolite production is underscored. This work serves as a valuable resource for researchers investigating the role of elicitors in plant biotechnology. https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_103761.html The expansion of superior durian (Durio zibethinus) cultivation, native to Indonesia, is essential to meet the increasing demand in both domestic and international markets. Grafting is widely recognized as the most effective propagation method for large-scale seedling production. However, the availability of scion material from elite local durian trees is limited, as these trees generally produce thin branches located at heights exceeding 15 meters, making collection challenging. This study evaluated the effects of scion diameter and benzylaminopurine (BAP) concentration, as well as their interaction, on grafting success in superior local durian. A completely randomized factorial design was employed, consisting of three scion diameters (2, 3, and 4 mm) and four BAP concentrations (0, 75, 125, and 250 ppm), resulting in 12 treatment combinations, each replicated three times. The observed parameters included the number of live shoots, bud break time, number of leaves, and grafting and acclimatization success rates. Data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA at a significance level of P < 0.05, followed by an HSD test, while grafting and acclimatization success were assessed descriptively. The results showed that both scion diameter and BAP concentration had significant independent effects on bud break time and leaf count but not on the number of live shoots. Based on these findings, scion diameters of 3–4 mm combined with BAP concentrations of 75–125 ppm are recommended to optimize grafting outcomes in superior local durian propagation.  https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_103763.html The study investigated the effects of irrigation regimes (well-watered, wet-dry, and dry down conditions) and grafting (whereby high and low vigour rootstock genotypes (Maxifort, Unifort and Beaufort) were grafted unto a commercial cultivar (Money Maker), on the growth, gas exchange (stomatal conductance and photosynthesis) and water use efficiency of tomato. The results showed that irrigation level, especially dry down treatment, increased root and shoot biomass,leaf total soluble sugar contents, stomatal conductance, photosynthetic CO2 assimilation of tomato compared to the well-watered treatment. Tomato root and shoot biomass, stomatal conductance, photosynthetic CO2 assimilation, and the instantaneous (A/E) and intrinsic (A/gs) water use efficiency (WUE) were greater in grafted tomato plants and differed according to rootstock genotypes and soil moisture status. Under well-watered condition, instantaneous water use efficiency was highest for nongrafted scions and lowest for Unifort while for wet-dry situation, the instantaneous water use efficiency was highest for Maxifort and lowest for Unifort. Grafting modified the growth and physiological attributes of tomato and appeared to increase tolerance to rootzone water stress. Key growth and physiological attributes of tomato measured would be useful for selection of rootstock-scion genotypes for improving performance especially under variable watering levels. irrigation regimes and grafting strategies can be adopted for improving moisture deficit tolerance and water use efficiency (water saving attributes) of tomato. https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_103764.html The use of brassinosteroids (BRs) in various crops is increasingly studied to improve yields and productivity. This study evaluated the effect of two BRs on the growth of Lactuca sativa var. 'Divina' under soil and hydroponic conditions. Treatments included 24-epibrassinolide (EP24) and a formulation based on a spirostan analogue (BB16). Both BRs showed growth-promoting effects, with EP24 showing stronger effect. Canopy fresh weight and root fresh weight exhibited an increase of 107% (soil) and 60% (hydroponics), and 34% (soil) and 110% (hydroponics), respectively, in response to EP24. Likewise, the canopy dry weight rose by 35% in soil and 76% in hydroponics, while root dry weight increased by 42% and 118%, respectively, in response to EP24. Leaf area increased by 34% and 68% in soil, and 28% and 33% in hydroponics, in response to BB16 and EP24, respectively. Leaf number rose by 24% (soil) and 34% (hydroponics) with BB16, and 29% and 56% with EP24. Chlorophyll content in hydroponically grown plants also showed an increment of 37% and 40% when treated with BB16 or EP24, respectively, as compared with control plants. Both BRs promoted root development and improved postharvest performance, as evidenced by a reduction of 18% when treated with BB16 and 22% with EP24 in cut leaves under hydroponic cultivation, while the whole canopy loss decreased by 25% and 49%, respectively. In soil, EP24 reduced the whole canopy loss by 35%. These findings highlight the potential of BRs as sustainable bioinputs to enhance lettuce growth and reduce postharvest losses. https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_103762.html In recent years, science and industry have increasingly focused on nanotechnology, particularly the synthesis of nanoparticles. Although various synthesis methods are available, many are inefficient in terms of material and energy consumption. Green chemistry offers an alternative, emphasizing the use of plant-based materials as a reliable, straightforward, non-toxic, and eco-friendly approach that bridges nanotechnology and biotechnology. The present study investigated a novel method for synthesizing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using leaf and flower extracts of feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium L.). When the extract was exposed to aqueous silver ions, reduction occurred, resulting in the green synthesis of AgNPs. Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–vis) showed a characteristic absorbance peak at 400 nm, confirming nanoparticle formation. The zeta potential of the AgNPs ranged from –30 to –90 mV, indicating good stability. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) revealed an average particle size of 68.6 nm, while field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) images indicated an average size of 65.7 nm. Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) confirmed the presence of elemental silver, validating nanoparticle synthesis. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis further supported these findings, showing an average particle size of 67.7 nm. Fouriertransform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy identified peaks at 3436, 2929, 1604, 1383, and 1029 cm–1, corresponding to functional groups involved in nanoparticle stabilization. In conclusion, these findings demonstrated that the nanophytosynthesis of AgNPs using T. parthenium extracts is a rapid, efficient, eco-friendly, and simple alternative to conventional synthetic methods.  https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_104913.html Pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) is among one of ancient fruit crops known in Tunisia. The arrival of the Moriscos from Spain has further developed the cultivation of pomegranate tree, which became the emblem of the region of Testour. In order to better characterize and understand pomegranate production systems resilience in Testour, prospections and surveys were conducted in the region. Surveys have taken into account sex, age of farmers, species and varietal diversity, traditional knowledge, marketing of pomegranate fruits, production constraints and farmer’s williness. A total of eleven pomegranate producing areas were identified. As a result of the inheritance of a valuable knowledge from one generation to another, Testour region maintained a large range of pomegranate varieties and traditional agricultural techniques. Old diversified orchards “Andalusian type” were well preserved together with new intensive plantations. Local farmers played a crucial role in the preservation and management of plant genetic resources and biodiversity. Pomegranate fruit gained a particular notoriety. However, some varieties became rare and require special attention to preserve their genetic endowments. Testour agrosystem edaphoclimatic and agrotechnical particularities, inherited and improved local agricultural know-how, historical and landscape specificities constituted favorable conditions for the resilience of pomegranate cultivation. Polyculture practices and the interaction between the diversified system components allowed the production of superior quality fruits. Thus, the already undertaken process of labeling of “Pomegranates of Testour” would reinforce the resilience of this agrosystem of global interest in the context of global climatic and socioeconomic changes. https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_105561.html Durian (Durio zibethinus) is a promising tropical fruit and commodity in the domestic and international markets. Indonesia's durian production has increased over the past two years, but only one-third is suitable for export, as the fruit quality does not yet meet market standards. The regions of Sanggau and Singkawang in West Kalimantan are home to several superior durian varieties that thrive in the forests. Characterizing the genetic diversity of these superior durians is crucial for the provision of high-quality durian seedlings. Genetic diversity characterization using molecular markers is more efficient, effective, and independent of environmental factors. Inter Simple Sequence Repeat (ISSR) is a molecular marker that is relatively simple, fast and does not require prior knowledge of the target genome. This study aims to analyze the genetic diversity of superior durians from Sanggau and Singkawang using ISSR markers. The study detected the allele profiles of 21 superior durian accessions from PCR results using 11 ISSR primers. The results indicated a high polymorphic percentage of 91.73%. Specific alleles were identified in 12 accessions, with a total of 24 specific alleles. This study demonstrates that the genetic diversity of superior durians from Sanggau and Singkawang, as revealed by ISSR markers, is relatively high, as each accession originated from a seed. https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_104914.html Strawberries are high-value crops prized for their nutritional and economic significance. This study hypothesized that root-zone temperature (RZT) and growing media (GM) influence strawberry growth and physiological responses. While individual effects of RZT or GM have been studied, little is known about their combined impact on hydroponic strawberries. To address this gap, we investigated how RZT and GM affect growth, stolon formation, and physiological changes in ‘Akihime’ strawberries. A factorial experiment was conducted using four RZT treatments (10 ± 2, 15 ± 2, 20 ± 2, and 25 ± 2 °C) and two growing media (peat moss + perlite and water culture). The greenhouse conditions were maintained at 25 ± 2 °C with 70–80% relative humidity and a photosynthetic photon flux density of 241 µmol m–2 s–1. The results indicated that RZTs of 15 ± 2 °C and 20 ± 2 °C improved overall plant growth and biomass accumulation, while 25 ± 2 °C promoted stolon and runner development but hindered daughter plant formation. Substrate-based media outperformed water culture in supporting stolon and runner production. Leaf nitrogen and potassium concentrations peaked at 10 ± 2 °C and 15 ± 2 °C, respectively, with water-culture medium enhanced nitrogen uptake. Leaf ATP concentration was highest at 20 ± 2 °C in substrate-grown plants, whereas root ATP peaked at 25 ± 2 °C in water culture. These findings demonstrate that careful management of RZT and GM can improve greenhouse strawberry productivity, and growers can tailor production strategies to meet specific cultivation goals. https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_104915.html The post-harvest deterioration of orange fruit quality, including weight loss and changes in biochemical attributes, which is exacerbated by drought stress and can be influenced by pre-harvest treatments and storage conditions. This two-year study (2021-2022) analyzed the contribution of pre-harvest foliar applications of chitosan (500 ppm) and melatonin (100 µM), individually and in combination, on the post-harvest quality of ten-year-old ‘Valencia’ and ‘Thomson Navel’ orange trees under well-watered and water-stressed (40% FC) conditions. The experiment, conducted at a commercial citrus orchard in Sari, Iran, employed a factorial experiment based on RCBD design with irrigation levels and foliar treatments as pre-harvest factors. During the post-harvest stage, fruits were stored for 0, 30, 60, and 90 d under either traditional or modified atmosphere packaging (MAP: 10% CO2, 5% O2, 85% N2) at 5 °C. Results indicated a significant increase in weight loss of fruit, reaching a minimum of 118.1 g for ‘Valencia’ and 175 g for ‘Thomson Navel’ after 90 d. Additionally, total soluble solids increased during storage, while MAP effectively mitigated weight loss. Drought stress further decreased fruit weight and TSS. However, chitosan and melatonin, particularly when used together, inhibition of loss of weight. The combined treatment resulted in the smallest weight reduction (3.08%) in ‘Valencia’ oranges after 30d. Antioxidant enzyme activities (DPPH,APX,SOD,POX,PPO, and PAL) generally increased with storage, but MAP decreased DPPH, SOD, and POX activities, while increasing APX and PAL. For instance,the highest DPPH activity (52.64%) was observed after chitosan application. Drought stress and chitosan/melatonin increased antioxidant enzyme activity. https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_104912.html This study aimed to identify and characterize olive cultivars with high nutritional value to enhance profitability in olive cultivation, olive oil production, and export. We focused on genotypes from the Minodasht olive collection, which represents a substantial portion of Iranian olive diversity. A two-year study (2020–2022) was conducted to evaluate 23 and later 30 genotypes for tocopherol content as well as qualitative and quantitative olive oil indices. After olive fruit collection, we analyzed olive oil quality by measuring acid value (free fatty acid percentage), peroxide value, and alpha-tocopherol content. The maturity index and oil content were assessed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy based on dry weight, while alpha-tocopherol was quantified via high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) according to ISO 9936 standards. Our results showed significant variability among olive genotypes in tocopherol content and oil quality. In 2020, Azadshahr 2 and T12 had the highest alpha-tocopherol levels (273.89 and 222.67 mg L–1, respectively), while T23 and Benvareh 7 had the lowest (168.34 and 169.95 mg L–1). In 2021, T14 and Chamjeh 1 recorded the highest levels (192.87 and 192.85 mg L–1), whereas Savari and Malek Shahi had the lowest (72.43 and 16.73 mg L–1). Notably, significant differences in acidity were observed, with T23 and T24 showing the lowest values in 2020, and Shiraz and Torshk in 2021. Overall, genotypes Azadshahr 2, T12, T14, and Chamjeh 1 displayed superior olive oil yield and quality, highlighting their potential for improved cultivation and commercial use. https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_105560.html Deficit irrigation as a water-saving strategy for olive trees in semi-arid regions of Iran has received limited research attention. This study addressed this gap by investigating its effects on the ‘Zard’ olive cultivar over two years. Six irrigation regimes were compared, including control (C) (100% of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) throughout the growing season), Sustained Deficit Irrigation 1 (SDI1) (75% ETc throughout the growing season), Sustained Deficit Irrigation 2 (SDI2) (50% ETc throughout the growing season), Regulated Deficit Irrigation 1 (RDI1) (75% ETc from 4 to 9 weeks after full bloom), Regulated Deficit Irrigation 2 (RDI2) (50% ETc from 4 to 9 weeks after full bloom) and Regulated Deficit Irrigation 3 (RDI3) (50% ETc for 2 weeks before harvest). Sustained deficit irrigation (SDI1 and SDI2) and RDI2 negatively impacted flower number and perfect flower formation (except RDI3) in the second year. Fruit set was not significantly affected by RDI1 and RDI3 compared to the control, but SDI2 significantly reduced both fruit weight and pulp-to-pit ratio. Fruit yield and oil content were negatively affected by SDI1, SDI2, and RDI2 compared to the control. However, RDI1 and RDI3 showed no significant difference from the control in these aspects. Regulated deficit irrigation (RDI1 and RDI3) with a minor reduction in applied water is recommended for semi-arid regions (excluding Mediterranean climates) to achieve high fruit yield and oil content while conserving water. https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_104635.html This study evaluated the effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and Trichoderma harzianum on growth, essential oil (EO) yield, and physiological traits in two spearmints (Mentha spicata) and one peppermint (Mentha × piperita) landrace. AMF treatments included Glomus etunicatum and Glomus fasciculatum, while T. harzianum was also tested. Combined inoculations significantly enhanced plant height, EO yield, and phytochemical composition. Spearmint plants treated with G. fasciculatum + T. harzianum reached the tallest height, and EO yields peaked at 2.8% in spearmint (Qaemshahr landrace) and 2.6% in spearmint (Vardavard landrace) under similar treatment. Limonene content in spearmint reached 20% with G. fasciculatum, while carvone peaked at 54% with G. etunicatum + T. harzianum. In peppermint, menthol content was highest (40.25%) with T. harzianum alone, and L-menthone peaked (34.9%) under G. fasciculatum + T. harzianum. Photosynthesis rates, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rates were highest in peppermint treated with G. fasciculatum + T. harzianum during the second harvest. Additionally, the greenness index peaked in peppermint treated with T. harzianum alone. These findings demonstrate the synergistic potential of AMF and T. harzianum in improving growth, physiological traits, and EO production in mint species, offering a promising strategy to enhance commercial mint cultivation. https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_105702.html Three populations of chia (Salvia hispanica) were used. They were obtained from different sources. No realistic differences were detected among these populations; therefore, only one chia population was chosen for the current breeding assessment. Due to the wide range of plant heights observed, this variable was used as a classification factor among the germplasm. It is easy to be distinguish visually and is usually used as a monitor to seed yield. The plant height was categorized tall population (90-110 cm), medium (70-89 cm) and short (50-69 cm). Because chia is self-pollinated and fertilized crop, it was assumed to be a composite of pure lines. Progeny test results confirmed the genetic purity status (homozygosity) of the selected plants within population of different plant height categories. Narrow sense heritability estimated by parent-offspring regression ranged from 0.26 (spike length) to 0.97 (plant height). Consequently, the expected selection response values were high for the most studied traits. All traits exhibited strong genotypic associations and were associated with unity (1.00) in some cases with seed weight per plants. This was reflected well in the parameters of the correlated response and relative efficiency of indirect selection. Selection for seed weight affected all other traits with varying degrees of correlated response. breeding chia lines were derived following tandem multi-traits selection. Two of these lines (1 and 7) seemed to hold a promise for improving chia. These lines may directly be utilized in production of chia after testing their stability or as parental genetic material in cross breeding. https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_104636.html Purpose: Biostimulants are compounds that enhance plant productivity by activating metabolic processes, resulting in increased growth and synthesis of secondary metabolites through the stimulation of plant defense mechanisms. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of carbon nanoparticles (fullerene) on the growth and yield of feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium L.) during two harvest periods in 2021.Methodes: The research was conducted using a factorial arrangement within a completely randomized design with three replications in an open-field environment at the Faculty of Agriculture, Lorestan University.Results: Results showed that treatment with fullerene nanoparticles significantly increased the fresh and dry weights of aerial parts, the number of flowers, essential oil concentration, and parthenolide content in the plants. Additionally, the harvest stage had a significant impact on morphological traits, with the first harvest stage producing the best growth characteristics.Conclusions: These findings could help in developing effective strategies for enhancing secondary metabolite production in medicinal plants. https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_108438.html Antirrhinum majus (snapdragon), a perennial plant from the Scrophulariaceae, is valued for its ornamental and biochemical traits. This study investigates the effects of various LED light spectra (white, blue, red, 80% blue + 20% red, 60% blue + 40% red, 40% blue + 60% red, 20% blue + 80% red) and single-walled carbon nanotube concentrations (0, 50, 100 mg/L) on photosynthesis efficiency, morphological growth, and biochemical properties of this plant. The experiment was conducted using a completely randomized factorial design with four replications. Data were analyzed using SAS software with Duncan’s test. Results revealed significant effects of light and carbon nanotubes on morphological (flower number, plant height, fresh weight, flower diameter) and biochemical traits (sugar content, flavonoids, phenols, antioxidants, anthocyanins), as well as chlorophyll fluorescence parameters (Fm Fv, and Fv/Fm). The highest flower number (23) was observed under 100% red light without nanotubes, while the maximum fresh weight (41.46 g) was recorded under 20% red + 80% blue light. Blue light combined with 50 mg/L nanotubes maximized stem and flower diameter, whereas biochemical properties and Fv/Fm were optimized under blue-red combinations with 100 mg/L nanotubes, with the highest Fm and Fv under 40% red + 60% blue light. The findings suggest that red light alone enhances growth, without the need for nanotubes. In contrast, blue-red combinations with 100 mg/L nanotubes were more effective for improving biochemical traits and photosynthesis efficiency. The heat map analysis of trait correlations indicated a strong positive relationship among the evaluated traits.