Document Type : Research paper
Authors
Department of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture, Vali-e-Asr University, Rafsanjan, I.R. Iran
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the combined effects of salicylic acid (SA) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) (Glomus mosseae) symbiosis on the growth of pistachio seedlings (Pistacia vera ‘Abareqi’) grown in the greenhouse under different drought stress (DS) levels. The arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization or exogenous SA treatment could increase ‘Abareqi’ pistachio seedlings tolerance to DS. Application of SA on AMF-inoculated seedlings further promoted drought tolerance, as indicated by an alleviated plant biomass and water relations compared to the respective treatments. The analysis of proline and soluble carbohydrates showed that the increased drought tolerance in the treated plants may be associated, at least in part, with increasing of proline accumulation in the leaves of stressed plants.
Keywords
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Phillips, J.M. and D.S. Haymann.1970. Improved Procedures Forcleaning Roots and Staining Parasitic and Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi for Rapid Assessment of Infection. T. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 55:158-161.
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Spiegel Roy, P., D. Mazigh, and M. Evenari. 1977. Response of Pistachio [Pistacia vera] to Low Soil Moisture Conditions. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 102.
Szepesi, A., P. Poór, K. Gémes, E. Horvath, and I. Tari. 2008. Influence of Exogenous Salicylic Acid on Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in the Roots of Salt Stressed Tomato Plants. Acta Biol. Szeged 52:199-200.
Turner, N. C. 1981. Techniques and Experimental Approaches for the Measurement of Plant Water Status. Plant Soil 58:339-366.
Wang, L.-J., L. Fan, W. Loescher, W. Duan, G.-J. Liu, J.-S. Cheng, H.-B. Luo, and S.-H. Li. 2010. Salicylic Acid Alleviates Decreases in Photosynthesis under Heat Stress and Accelerates Recovery in Grapevine Leaves. BMC Plant Biol. 10:34.
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Zhao, S., and X. Qi. 2008. Signaling in Plant Disease Resistance and Symbiosis. J. Integr. Plant Biol. 50:799-807.
Bates, L., R. Waldren, and I. Teare. 1973. Rapid Determination of Free Proline for Water-Stress Studies. Plant Soil 39:205-207.
Berta, G., A. Trotta, A. Fusconi, J. Hooker, M. Munro, D. Atkinson. 1995. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Induced Changes to Plant Growth and Root System Morphology in Prunus cerasifera. Tree Physiol. 15: 281-293.
Blilou, I., P. Bueno, J. A. Ocampo, and J. M. García-Garrido. 2000. Induction of Catalase and Ascorbate Peroxidase Activities in Tobacco Roots Inoculated with the Arbuscular Mycorrhizal "Glomus mosseae". Mycol. Res. 104:722-725.
Blilou, I., J. A. Ocampo, and J. M. García-Garrido. 1999. Resistance of Pea Roots to Endomycorrhizal Fungus or Rhizobium Correlates with Enhanced Levels of Endogenous Salicylic Acid. J. Exp. Bot. 50:1663-1668.
Ferguson, L., S. Kaur, and L. Epstein. 1997. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi on Pistachio Rootstocks in California. II International Symposium on Pistachios and Almonds, August 24-29, 1997. P-470.
García‐Garrido, J. M., and J. A. Ocampo. 2002. Regulation of the Plant Defence Response in Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis. J. Exp. Bot. 53:1377-1386.
Giovanetti, M., and B. Mosse. 1980. An Evaluation of Techniques for Measuring Vesicular Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Infection in Roots. New Phytol. 84:489-500.
Goldhamer, D.A. 1995. Irrigation Management, pp. 71-81. In: L. Ferguson (ed.) Pistachio production. Center for Fruit and Nut Research and Information, Davis, CA.
González, L. and M. González-Vilar. 2003. Determination of Relative Water Content, pp. 207-212. In: M. J. R. Roger (Ed.) Handbook of Plant Ecophysiology Techniques. Springer.
Hayat, S., S. A. Hasan, Q. Fariduddin, and A. Ahmad. 2008. Growth of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) in Response to Salicylic Acid under Water Stress. J. Plant Interact. 3:297-304.
Jahromi, F., R. Aroca, R. Porcel, and J. M. Ruiz-Lozano. 2008. Influence of Salinity on the In Vitro Development of Glomus Intraradices and on the In Vivo Physiological and Molecular Responses of Mycorrhizal Lettuce Plants. Microb. Ecol. 55:45-53.
Kadioglu, A., N. Saruhan, A. Sağlam, R. Terzi, and T. Acet. 2011. Exogenous Salicylic Acid Alleviates Effects of Long Term Drought Stress and delays Leaf Rolling by inducing Antioxidant System. Plant Growth Regul. 64:27-37.
Kafkas, S., and I. Ortas. 2009. Various Mycorrhizal Fungi Enhance Dry Weights, P and Zn Uptake of Four Pistacia Species. J. Plant Nutr. 32:146-159.
Kanber, R., A. Yazar, S. Önder, and H. Köksal. 1993. Irrigation Response of Pistachio (Pistacia vera L.). Irrigation Sci. 14:7-14.
Moussa, H., and S. El-Gamal. 2010. Effect of salicylic Acid Pretreatment on Cadmium Toxicity in Wheat. Biol. Plant. 54:315-320.
Phillips, J.M. and D.S. Haymann.1970. Improved Procedures Forcleaning Roots and Staining Parasitic and Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi for Rapid Assessment of Infection. T. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 55:158-161.
Ruiz-Lozano, J. M. 2003. Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Symbiosis and Alleviation of Osmotic Stress. New Perspectives for Molecular Studies. Mycorrhiza 13:309-317.
Spiegel Roy, P., D. Mazigh, and M. Evenari. 1977. Response of Pistachio [Pistacia vera] to Low Soil Moisture Conditions. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 102.
Szepesi, A., P. Poór, K. Gémes, E. Horvath, and I. Tari. 2008. Influence of Exogenous Salicylic Acid on Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in the Roots of Salt Stressed Tomato Plants. Acta Biol. Szeged 52:199-200.
Turner, N. C. 1981. Techniques and Experimental Approaches for the Measurement of Plant Water Status. Plant Soil 58:339-366.
Wang, L.-J., L. Fan, W. Loescher, W. Duan, G.-J. Liu, J.-S. Cheng, H.-B. Luo, and S.-H. Li. 2010. Salicylic Acid Alleviates Decreases in Photosynthesis under Heat Stress and Accelerates Recovery in Grapevine Leaves. BMC Plant Biol. 10:34.
War, A.R., M.G. Paulraj, M.Y. War and S. Ignacimuthu, 2011. Role of Salicylic Acid in Induction of Plant Defense System in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Plant Signal. Behav. 6:1787-1792.
Zhao, S., and X. Qi. 2008. Signaling in Plant Disease Resistance and Symbiosis. J. Integr. Plant Biol. 50:799-807.
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