Ashwin Garg; Preeti Garg
Abstract
Vivipary is not a rare finding in papaya fruit. However, this short communication describes the unusual germination of seedling within intra-ovarian ovary. The seedling is attached at two ends of the immature ovary: by radicle at one end, and by elongated tubular structure at the other end. The tubular ...
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Vivipary is not a rare finding in papaya fruit. However, this short communication describes the unusual germination of seedling within intra-ovarian ovary. The seedling is attached at two ends of the immature ovary: by radicle at one end, and by elongated tubular structure at the other end. The tubular structure, probably a hypocotyl, mimics an umbilical cord connecting the growing fetus with that of placenta in human embryonic development.
Narges Mehri; Mehdi Mohebodini; Mahdi Behnamian; Karim Farmanpour-Kalalagh
Abstract
Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) is one of the most important plants in terms of medicine and economics in the world. Breeding of black cumin genotypes by using biotechnology and phytochemistry has always been an important area of different studies. In this study, 24 ISSR molecular markers were used to ...
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Black cumin (Nigella sativa L.) is one of the most important plants in terms of medicine and economics in the world. Breeding of black cumin genotypes by using biotechnology and phytochemistry has always been an important area of different studies. In this study, 24 ISSR molecular markers were used to evaluate the genetic diversity and population structure of Iranian black cumin genotypes. The primers produced a total number of 223 bands, of which 155 were polymorphic bands (indicating 69% polymorphism). By analyzing the similarity matrix based on the simple matching similarity coefficient, the similarity ranged from 0.46 to 0.84. The genotypes were classified into three main groups in the phylogenetic dendrogram, which was based on the similarity matrix and UPGMA algorithm. The average of Polymorphism Information Content, Marker Index, Resolving power, and Observed number of alleles, Effective number of alleles, Nei’s gene diversity, and Shannon's information index were 0.26, 1.56, 3.07, 15.79, 13.72, 0.26, and 0.38, respectively. In analyzing the population structure, when the K value was adjusted to range from 2 to 10, two subpopulations were revealed. However, there was a degree of inconsistency when comparing the results of the phylogenetic dendrogram with those of the population structure. The results of this study can expand future inquiries into the assessments of germplasms and provide opportunities for breeding black cumin genotypes.
Rezvan Mohammadi; Parto Roshandel
Abstract
In the present study, the effect of seed priming with magnetic field (MF; 45, 90, 200 and 250mT for 5, 10, 20 and 30 min) was evaluated in 60-day-old Hyssopus officinalis plants grownunder 8 days irrigation intervals. The assessments were consisted of biomass, membranestability, photosynthetic pigments ...
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In the present study, the effect of seed priming with magnetic field (MF; 45, 90, 200 and 250mT for 5, 10, 20 and 30 min) was evaluated in 60-day-old Hyssopus officinalis plants grownunder 8 days irrigation intervals. The assessments were consisted of biomass, membranestability, photosynthetic pigments concentrations, polyphenols content, antioxidant enzymesactivities and antioxidant capacity. In comparison with the exclusively water-stressed plants,MF-priming significantly altered these parameters, particularly at 200 mT/5 min. At thisintensity, the level of biomass, total chlorophyll and polyphenols content increased by 2.2, 2.5and 7.7 folds, respectively. Furthermore, electrolyte leakage and MDA content decreased by35 and 33%. Reducing power, DPPH and superoxide anion scavenging activities highlyaugmented by MF. MF-priming at 200 mT increased catalase (+92%) and ascorbateperoxidase (+2.3 folds) activities. But, the highest activity of guaiacol peroxidase wasrecorded for MF-primed H. officinalis at 90 mT. In conclusion, seed priming with MFincreases drought tolerance in H. officinalis through protection of cellular membrane integrity,maintenance of photosynthetic pigments content and also alternation of antioxidant enzymeactivities. It also improves medicinal properties of the shoots via increasing polyphenolsconcentration and antioxidant capacity.
Olfa Saddoud Debbabi; Emna Khanfir; Mohamed Ali Dridi; Massaoud Mars M
Abstract
Fig tree (Ficus carica L.) is characterized by a wide genetic diversity in Tunisia although it is considered as a secondary species. In Kerkennah islands, despite several biotic and abiotic stresses, local population has conserved the fig germplasm. This species is very well suited to the harsh environments. ...
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Fig tree (Ficus carica L.) is characterized by a wide genetic diversity in Tunisia although it is considered as a secondary species. In Kerkennah islands, despite several biotic and abiotic stresses, local population has conserved the fig germplasm. This species is very well suited to the harsh environments. In order to enhance on farm conservation of fig genetic resources and to have inventory of related traditional knowledge (TK), a global survey was conducted among a wide range of stakeholders and local governmental agencies in Kerkennah archipelago. For this purpose, prospections were done during two successive years covering the totality of the islands. A total of 9 locations and 26 sub-locations were visited. Twenty four farmers were solicited. Surveys have taken into account sex, age of farmers, predominant agricultural activities of farmers, field area, fig cultivated varieties, land management, traditional knowledge, production and its use, source of incomes and marketing of production. Participatory Four Cell Analysis (FCA) allowed the classification of fig cultivars regarding the threat level of loss and the adequate manner of conservation. Results of this study showed that it is imperative to pay particular attention to threatened and rare cultivars. Hence, the importance to conserve such diversified germplasm. On farm conservation program is a suitable alternative for such region for preservation of traditional knowledge, cultivars rehabilitation and a sustainable agriculture.
Ali Asadi Kangarshahi; Negin Akhlaghi Amiri
Abstract
In a two-year pot experiment, the response of Miyagawa satsuma mandarin on Swingle citrumelo rootstock was investigated in soils with different ranges of lime. Furthermore, in a field experiment, the plant growth trend, yield, and quality were studied in two regions (plain and piedmont) for 10 years. ...
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In a two-year pot experiment, the response of Miyagawa satsuma mandarin on Swingle citrumelo rootstock was investigated in soils with different ranges of lime. Furthermore, in a field experiment, the plant growth trend, yield, and quality were studied in two regions (plain and piedmont) for 10 years. In the pot experiment, the highest shoot dry weight was obtained from soils with 14% total lime and in soils with more total lime, shoot dry weight decreased sharply. The most chlorosis rate was obtained in soils with more than 30% lime. The highest total Fe in the roots and the least signs of leaf chlorosis was detected in the soils with less than 9% lime. The average Fe concentration in the roots was about 7.5 times more than that in the leaves, indicating accumulation and deposition of Fe in the roots. The amount of available Mn was excessive in most soils but leaf Mn in most cases was less than adequate. The Mn concentration in the roots was 3.2 times more than that in the leaves. The field experiment showed that tree volume in the plain was always higher than that in piedmont. The trees of the piedmont had alternate bearing cycles. The yield increased from 23 kg per tree at the beginning of the reproductive period to 80 kg in the final year of the experiment. The best harvest time in both regions was early October. Generally, use of this rootstock in soils with less than 9-14% total lime, is recommended.
Majid Pourrahimi; Seyed Ahmad Sadat-Noori; Fatemeh Amini; Hossein Ramshini
Abstract
We selected ten Ajowan parents (Carum copticum L.) from a genetically diverse population to evaluate gene effects, heritability, and correlations among their morphological traits. We poly-crossed the parents to produce half-sib genotypes. The evaluations comprised the number of days to flowering, plant ...
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We selected ten Ajowan parents (Carum copticum L.) from a genetically diverse population to evaluate gene effects, heritability, and correlations among their morphological traits. We poly-crossed the parents to produce half-sib genotypes. The evaluations comprised the number of days to flowering, plant height, number of fertile branches, number of umbrellas per plant, number of seeds per umbel, seed yield per plant, harvest index, essential oil percentage, and essential oil yield. Parents and polycross progeny seeds grew in a randomized complete block design with three replications at the University of Tehran, 2015-2017. The results showed broad-sense heritability ranged from 0.64 to 0.96 in parents and their progenies. Narrow-sense heritability appeared through the regression of progenies on the parents (h2po) and via progeny analysis (h2n), suggesting that additive genes control these traits. The correlation of seed yield with plant height, number of fertile branches, number of umbrellas per plant, and number of seeds per umbel were positive and significant. The results indicated a significant negative correlation between thymol and γ- terpinene in parents and half-sib families. We reported wide variations and high heritability for most of the evaluated traits in the ajowan populations that can improve seed and essential oil yields.
Saeid Hazrati; Mostafa Govahi; Mohammad-Taghi Ebadi; Farhad Habibzadeh
Abstract
The growing demands of consumers for edible seed oils containing high unsaturated fatty acid and antioxidant content have resulted in considerable efforts to investigate plants as possible sources of oils and nuts. In this research, the amount of fatty acid compositions, total flavonoid, phenol and antioxidant ...
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The growing demands of consumers for edible seed oils containing high unsaturated fatty acid and antioxidant content have resulted in considerable efforts to investigate plants as possible sources of oils and nuts. In this research, the amount of fatty acid compositions, total flavonoid, phenol and antioxidant properties of Pistacia atlantica and Pistacia khinjuk were evaluated. The kernel oil content of P. atlantica and P. khinjuk were 24.33 ± 0.333% and 31.00 ± 0.577%, respectively. Palmitic acid, Stearic acid, Oleic acid, Linoleic acid, and Palmitoleic acid were the main components in the oil of the two Pistacia species. The results showed that unsaturated fatty acids accounted for approximately 77.65% and 74.87% of total fatty acids in P. atlantica and P. khinjuk, respectively. The two Pistacia species were rich in phenolic compounds (130.77± 3.11 and 126.91± 4.41 mg quercetin/100 g oil) and had high antioxidant properties (4.545± 0.655 and 15.733± 0.689 mg/g oil) in P. atlantica and P. khinjuk, respectively. Oil content and Oleic acid of the two species of Pistacia are shown/known to be higher than some other edible oils. This research showed that the kernel oil of the two species of Pistacia have the same value in terms of quality, taste and natural antioxidant qualities with other edible oils.
Ganih Indin Sappalani; Louella M. Cabahug; Vences C. Valleser
Abstract
One of the best interventions to hasten seed germination and seedling development is the exogenous application of phytohormone. This study evaluated the germination and seedling development of rubber seeds in response to gibberellic acid (GA3) and organic growth media under nursery condition. The experiment ...
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One of the best interventions to hasten seed germination and seedling development is the exogenous application of phytohormone. This study evaluated the germination and seedling development of rubber seeds in response to gibberellic acid (GA3) and organic growth media under nursery condition. The experiment was arranged in a 4x3 factorial experiment in completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Growth media (including: top soil, TS; TS + rice hull, RH; TS + chicken dung, CD; TS + vermicast, VC) were considered as Factor A, and different concentrations of GA3 (0, 50, and 100 ppm) were comprised as the Factor B. Newly fallen seeds (with no defects) from existing ‘RRIM 600’ rubber tree plantation were collected and used in the experiment. Seeds were subjected to float in GA3 solutions based on corresponding treatments for 18 h prior to sowing in different organic growth media. GA3 (100 ppm) led to the earliest emergence, highest germination percentage and normal seedlings with least mortality. The TS+VC was the best growth media influencing germination. The TS+VC media regardless of the concentration of GA3 caused 100% normal seedlings. Likewise, the combination of TS+CD as growth media and 100 ppm of GA3 also produced promising percentage of normal seedlings of rubber with 97.33%. Seedling mortality was lessen using the combination of TS+VC as growth media and 100 ppm GA3. Generally, application of 100 ppm GA3 and top soil mixed with vermicast as growth media provoked better seed germination and early seedling development in rubber.
Mana Mombeini; Naser Alamzadeh Ansari; Vahid Abdossi; Abdali Naseri
Abstract
Seed priming is one of the most important measures in propagation of plants by seed, which leads to increase of percentage and rate of germination. This study was conducted as a factorial arrangement in a completely randomised design on two farm cucumber cultivars (‘Impress’ and ‘Emperor’). ...
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Seed priming is one of the most important measures in propagation of plants by seed, which leads to increase of percentage and rate of germination. This study was conducted as a factorial arrangement in a completely randomised design on two farm cucumber cultivars (‘Impress’ and ‘Emperor’). Priming treatments were silicic acid (SA) and ascorbic acid (AsA) at three levels of 50, 100 and 150 mg L-1, pyridoxine at three levels of 0.02%, 0.04% and 0.06% and compound treatment (SA 75 mg L-1 + AsA 75 mg L-1 + pyridoxine 0.03%). There was a positive and significant correlation between the Catalase (CAT) enzyme activity in the radicle and plumule and Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in the radicle and germination rate and percentage. In the ‘Impress’ cultivar, the highest CAT activity in the radical and plumule was observed after using of 150 mg L-1 AsA. The highest activity of Polyphenol oxidase (PPO) in the radical was detected after using of 0.04% pyridoxine. In the ‘Emperor’ cultivar, the highest CAT enzyme activity was detected in the radical and plumule, respectively by using of 75 mg L-1 AsA, 75 mg L-1 SA, and 0.03% pyridoxine. AsA (50 mg L-1) induced the highest activity of PPO enzyme in the radicle. Finally, to increase the antioxidant enzyme activity in cucumbers against unfavourable environmental conditions, our results confirmed the effectiveness of 150 mg L-1 AsA and 0.04% pyridoxine for the ‘Impress’ cultivar and the compound treatment and 50 mg L-1 AsA for the ‘Emparator’ cultivar.
Azizollah Khandan-Mirkohi; Elmira Rabiee; Behrouz Janipour; Ahmad Ahmadi
Abstract
Enrichment of zeolite and sponge as ethylene absorbent with potassium permanganate was theidea of this study to provide an efficient way to scavenge ethylene during storage period ofthree Rosa hybrida cv. ‘Shiraz’, ‘Avalanche’, and ‘After-party’ cut flowers. A preliminaryexperiment ...
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Enrichment of zeolite and sponge as ethylene absorbent with potassium permanganate was theidea of this study to provide an efficient way to scavenge ethylene during storage period ofthree Rosa hybrida cv. ‘Shiraz’, ‘Avalanche’, and ‘After-party’ cut flowers. A preliminaryexperiment revealed that two mL of potassium permanganate solution (1 mM) was enough toenrich two grams of zeolite and two cm3 of sponge. Additionally, one μL L-1 of externalethylene also found to be effective on induction of quality damage to certain cut flowers ofrose cultivars, which were selected for injection in each isolated container for furtherevaluations. The treatments used in this study included control (without absorbent), enrichedzeolite or sponge, enriched zeolite or sponge + ethylene (one μL L-1). The quality of flowers,weight, number of dropped petals, electrical conductivity of vase solution, ethyleneconcentration in the container and petal anthocyanins evaluated through/the end ofexperiment. Results revealed that change or reduction in the quality parameters were minor(more maintenance or stability of quality was achieved) with enriched zeolite and thenenriched sponge compared to the control. Enriched zeolite could even maintain the quality ofcut flowers at the level of control under external ethylene injection superior to enrichedsponge treatment. ‘Avalanche’ and ‘Shiraz’ cultivars figured as the most sensitive andresistant cultivars to the evaluated level of external ethylene concentration, respectively.
Fatemeh Heidarian; Parto Roshandel
Abstract
To evaluate the effect of salicylic acid (SA) on seed germination of black bean plant under saline conditions, seeds were primed with salicylic acid (0, 2, 10, and 20 mM) and germinated under salt stress (0, 50, and 100 mM NaCl). The measured parameters included the percentage and rate of seed germination, ...
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To evaluate the effect of salicylic acid (SA) on seed germination of black bean plant under saline conditions, seeds were primed with salicylic acid (0, 2, 10, and 20 mM) and germinated under salt stress (0, 50, and 100 mM NaCl). The measured parameters included the percentage and rate of seed germination, seedling length and dry weight, malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide levels, and activity of catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and guaiacol peroxidase in the seedlings. Results showed the values of germination indices decreased with increasing the level of salt stress. However, SA priming (10 mM) alleviated the harmful effects of salt stress in black bean. SA increased seed germination percentage by 72% and 45% at 50 and 100 mM NaCl respectively, compared to the control condition. Germination rate augmented by 33% (at 50 mM NaCl) and 60% (at 100 mM NaCl) by SA priming compared to the seeds exposed to salt stress alone. Seedlings dry weight (+ 51% at 50 mM and + 34% at 100 mM) and length (+ 57% at 50 mM and + 29% at 100 mM NaCl) were significantly higher by priming with 10 mM salicylic acid, compared to exclusively salt stress-treated seeds. SA priming increased antioxidant enzymes activities and decreased the levels of lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide in salt stressed black bean seedlings. In conclusion, salicylic acid priming (particularly at 10 mM) enhances salt tolerance in black bean via lessening of oxidative stress.
Borzou Yousefi; Armin Saed-Moucheshi; Mohamaad Gheitury
Abstract
White savory is a medicinal plant native to Iran. It is known for its tolerance to water-deficit conditions. A farm experiment evaluated cultivation in dryland conditions while describing interactions among organic fertilizers (O. F.). Planting densities affected essential oil (EO) and yield-related ...
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White savory is a medicinal plant native to Iran. It is known for its tolerance to water-deficit conditions. A farm experiment evaluated cultivation in dryland conditions while describing interactions among organic fertilizers (O. F.). Planting densities affected essential oil (EO) and yield-related traits in white savory under dryland farming. This experiment was conducted in the Mehregan Research Station, Kermanshah, by a split-plot design based on RCBD with three replications, and three fertilizer treatments, i.e., cow manure (30 tons ha-1), wheat straw enriched with sulfate ammonium (10 tons ha -1), and farm soil. There were three planting densities, i.e., low-density (2.66), medium-density (4), and high-density (8 plant m-2) during the 2017- 2018 and 2018-2019 crop years. The highest two-year average of fresh yield (3149.90 kg ha-1) and dry yield (1611.70 kg ha-1) occurred in response to rotten cow manure × high-density treatment. The highest two-year average of EO percentage (2.19%) resulted from using rotten cow manure × low-density planting. The highest EO yield (32.60 kg ha-1) resulted from enriched straw × high-density planting. The highest plant fresh yield (3434.02 kg×ha-1), plant dry yield (1231.98 kg ha-1), and EO yield (24.68 kg ha-1) resulted from the second year of harvest. We recommend dry farming S. mutica in a modified substrate using 30 tons ha-1 rotten cow manure and a row spacing of 50 × 25 cm in mountainous regions, where annual rainfall is more than 450 mm on average.
Mehdi Nazari; Mohammad Sayyari
Abstract
The present investigations focused on the role of calcium ascorbate (CaAsc) on tomato seedlings under low-temperature stress. Study was conducted by spraying aqueous solution of CaAsc at 0, 50, and 100 mM, on tomato seedlings with 5-7 true leaves in order to counteract the adverse impacts of chilling ...
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The present investigations focused on the role of calcium ascorbate (CaAsc) on tomato seedlings under low-temperature stress. Study was conducted by spraying aqueous solution of CaAsc at 0, 50, and 100 mM, on tomato seedlings with 5-7 true leaves in order to counteract the adverse impacts of chilling stress. One week after foliar application of CaAsc, all seedlings were exposed to a chilling temperature of 3±0.5 °C for six days (six hours per day) in a growth chamber. Loss of membrane integrity due to chilling stress led to oxidation of phenolic compounds by activation of peroxides (POD) and polyphenol oxidase (PPO) enzymes. Higher phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) activity, which is responsible for phenolic compounds accumulation, due to chilling temperature, has been considered as defense mechanism of chilling stress. The results revealed that application of 50 mM CaAsc ameliorated chilling injury of tomato seedling, which was associated with lower electrolyte leakage (16.2 %) and malondialdehyde (1.54 nmol g-1 FW) accumulation. Also, CaAsc-treated seedlings with 50 and 100 mM of CaAsc exhibited higher total phenols accumulation (36.2 and 28.4 mg pyrogallol g-1 FW, Respectively) which results from higher PAL enzyme activity concurrent with lower POD and PPO enzymes activity. Enhancing chilling tolerance in tomato seedling treated with 50 mM CaAsc by triggering phenols metabolism was associated with better seedling growth rate.
Hossein Astaraki; Hossein Ramshini; Mahmoud Lotfi; Ali Izadi Darbandi
Abstract
Development of cultivars with high yield under normal conditions and maintaining their yield under abiotic stresses is the main purpose of plant breeding programs in arid and semi-arid areas. The present study aimed to evaluate the yield stability of a collection of commercial melon varieties under drought ...
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Development of cultivars with high yield under normal conditions and maintaining their yield under abiotic stresses is the main purpose of plant breeding programs in arid and semi-arid areas. The present study aimed to evaluate the yield stability of a collection of commercial melon varieties under drought stress. The trial was conducted in a field under normal conditions (plants were irrigated after 50 mm evaporation of a class A evaporation pan) and drought stress conditions (irrigation was carried out after 100 mm evaporation of a class A evaporation pan). In average, 3.32 kg fruit/plant and 2.76 kg fruit/plant were obtained under normal and drought stress conditions, respectively. The highest reduction in yield as the consequence of drought exposure was recorded for 'Mazandarani' (52%) and 'Samsoori' (48%). The most drought-tolerant genotypes were 'Mamaghani', 'Nahavandi', 'Shadegan', 'Crenshaw' and 'Suski-e-Sabz' as they had constant yield under both growing conditions. On the other hand, 'Samsoori' and 'Saveh' were the most sensitive genotypes to drought. For most of the measured traits, the values of broad-sense heritability were over 0.50 i.e. there was a large genetic diversity among melon genotypes. This variation can be utilized for selecting high potential fruit yield and drought-tolerant genotypes. Total soluble solids (TSS) (ºBrix) was 15.2% for 'Honey-Dew'. TSS (ºBrix) was obtained 10.7, 10.09, and 9.2% for Iranian genotypes of 'Khatooni', 'Samsoori', and 'Saveh', respectively. In conclusion, although some Iranian melon genotypes were recognized as drought tolerant, they need to be improved for TSS (ºBrix).
Hamed Shokri Heydari; Mohammad Ali Askari Sarcheshmeh; Mesbah Babalar; Taha Ranjbar Malidarreh; Ahmad Ahmadi
Abstract
Peach is a highly corrosive fruit with a short shelf life (less than 7 days at room temperature)susceptible to diseases, pathogens and physical damage. The storage or marketable life ofhorticultural crops can be extended by various treatments applied to them after and/or beforeharvesting. Fruits are ...
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Peach is a highly corrosive fruit with a short shelf life (less than 7 days at room temperature)susceptible to diseases, pathogens and physical damage. The storage or marketable life ofhorticultural crops can be extended by various treatments applied to them after and/or beforeharvesting. Fruits are usually treated with a range of materials [(e.g. salicylic acid (SA)] toimprove their appearance or delay deterioration. In the present study, effects of pre-harvesttreatment of SA (1, 2, and 4 mM) and iron sequestrine (Fe) (5 and 10 mg L-1) on antioxidantcapacity, ion leakage, ethylene production, ascorbic acid and carotenoids content of peachfruit (Prunus persica L. Batsch cv. Za'ferani) were examined. The results showed that Fe andSA treatments are effective methods for alleviating ion leakage, weight loss and ethyleneproduction in peach fruit during cold storage. Application of 4.0 mM SA and 10.0 mg L-1 Fewere the most effective treatments to maintain fruits quality parameters. SA and Fe treatmentsmaintained peach fruits quality parameters until 40 days. These results suggest that the SAand Fe treatment are useful materials with potential postharvest application for reducingethylene production, maintain quality, and improve the health benefits of peach fruit byincreasing its antioxidant capacity.
Reza Shabani Fard; Erfan Aghaee Hanjani; Elham Danaee
Abstract
Salinity stress was imposed on Calendula officinalis L. by potassium chloride (KCl) and sodium chloride (NaCl) salts. This study evaluated the ameliorative effects of polyamine foliar application on growth indices and physiological traits of Calendula officinalis L. under salinity stress. A factorial ...
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Salinity stress was imposed on Calendula officinalis L. by potassium chloride (KCl) and sodium chloride (NaCl) salts. This study evaluated the ameliorative effects of polyamine foliar application on growth indices and physiological traits of Calendula officinalis L. under salinity stress. A factorial experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design with three replications. The experiment was conducted in a commercial greenhouse in Pakdasht, Iran (2021). The treatments included salinity stress induced by NaCl and KCl salts (0, 50 and 100 mg L-1) and putrescine and spermine foliar applications (0, 1 and 2 mM). The results showed that the treatments had a significant effect on the measured variables. Increasing NaCl and KCl levels decreased the value of each variable, except for proline and superoxide dismutase activity. Putrescine and spermine foliar applications mitigated the effects of salt stress and improved the evaluated traits. The highest fresh and dry shoot weight (15.59- 3.58 g), plant height (38.70 cm), leaf count (23), and flower count (12.50) were observed in the control. Also, the highest root fresh weight (5.17 g) and root volume (4.60 cm3) were obtained inresponse to NaCl 50 mg L-1 + spermidine 2 mM. The effects of NaCl 50 mg L-1 + putrescine 2 mM caused the highest root dry weight (1.42 g). The highest carotenoid content in petals (0.69 mg g-1 FW) and leaf chlorophyll content (14.54 mg g-1 FW) were obtained in response to KCl 50 mg L-1 + spermidine 2 mM. Also, the highest superoxide dismutase enzyme activity (85.90 unit of enzyme g-1 FW) and proline (8.4 mg g-1 FW) were obtained in response to NaCl 50 and 100 mg L-1, respectively. In summary, this research showed that polyamine foliar application, especially spermine, most significantly increased the growth indices and physiological traits in pot marigold under salinity stress.
Zohre Rohi Vishekaii; Ali Soleimani; Akbar Hasani; Mahmood Ghasemnezhad; Karamatollah Rezaei; Somaye Kalanaky
Abstract
Different sources of nitrogen fertilizers are being used in olive orchards, of which urea is widely used by olive growers. However, nano-chelated nitrogen (nano-N) is a newly found feature of the fertilizer with very little known information. In the current research, the impact of foliar spray of two ...
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Different sources of nitrogen fertilizers are being used in olive orchards, of which urea is widely used by olive growers. However, nano-chelated nitrogen (nano-N) is a newly found feature of the fertilizer with very little known information. In the current research, the impact of foliar spray of two nitrogen sources; urea (U) and nano-N on oil content and quality of olive cv. ‘Zard’ during two consecutive seasons were investigated. The olive trees were sprayed with 2.21 g (U1) and 2.95 g (U2), and 6 g nano-N1 and 8 g nano-N2 at several phenological stages of olive tree. The detailed observations showed that U1 significantly increased fruit yield. Monounsaturated fatty acid and the ratio of oleic acid to linoleic acid were increased by the nitrogen treatments, especially with nano-N2, whereas it decreased in the case of saturated fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The application of both fertilizer sources improved the leaf mineral compositions as well as the oil quality such as free fatty acids, peroxide activity, K232 and K270 extinction coefficients, the chlorophyll and carotenoid pigments. Total phenolic content of the oil in olive trees sprayed with urea was lower than those treated with nano-N. In contrast, the oil antioxidant capacity was high in those trees treated with nano-N. Overall, the results showed that nano-fertilizer, especially nan-N2 treatment rather than urea, is an effective approach to improve oil quality.
Ali Izadi-Darbandi; Azam Akbari; Keivan Bahmani; Ryan Warner; Mohsen Ebrahimi; Hossein Ramshini
Abstract
In this study, 50 Iranian fennel landraces from different phenological types, were evaluated for their oil content and fatty acid profile. Landraces were categorized into three phenological groups: Late (180 days), Medium (140 days) and early maturity habit (110 days). The highest fatty acid content ...
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In this study, 50 Iranian fennel landraces from different phenological types, were evaluated for their oil content and fatty acid profile. Landraces were categorized into three phenological groups: Late (180 days), Medium (140 days) and early maturity habit (110 days). The highest fatty acid content among the early, medium, and late maturity types were detected in Hamedan (19.5%), Marvdasht (23%), and Sari (21%) consequently. The highest yield of oil per square meter among the early, medium, and late maturity types were detected in Fasa (65.3 ml/m2), Meshkin Shahr (92.5 ml/m2), and Sari (71.4 ml/m2), consequently. The main component of fatty acid profile were, petroselinic/ oleic acid (52-64%), linoleic acid (26-39%), palmitic acid (0.3-4.1%), stearic acid (1.3-2.4%), linolenic acid (0.6-3.6%), and myristic acid (0.35-1.07%). It was observed that landraces with high petroselinic and oleic acid content originated from arias with a dry and warm environment, while landraces with high linoleic acid content originated from regions with a humid and cool climate. This pattern shows potential evolutionary adaption of biochemical pathways to the environmental condition. Our data showed that fennel oil contains a lower ratio of omega-6 to omega-3 fatty acids, and a higher ratio of monounsaturated to polyunsaturated and saturated fatty acids. In conclusion, our result indicated that bitter fennel, furthermore of a medicinal plant, has a high potential for oil production with a high percentage of unsaturated fatty acids, and is a good candidate as at least a new table oil crop.
Fatemeh Nasibi; Khosrow Manouchehri Kalantari; Zahra Manzari Tavakoli
Abstract
One of the major abiotic stresses limiting the productivity and the geographical distribution of many important crops is low temperature. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important signaling molecule involved in several stress-resistance processes such as drought, salinity and heavy metal stresses in plants. ...
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One of the major abiotic stresses limiting the productivity and the geographical distribution of many important crops is low temperature. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is an important signaling molecule involved in several stress-resistance processes such as drought, salinity and heavy metal stresses in plants. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of exogenous H2S on improving chilling tolerance of cucumber seedlings. The results indicated that seedlings exposed to chilling stress (4 ºC) increased the level of electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation, hydrogen peroxide, proline content and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) activity; while sugar soluble content decreased. Pretreatment with sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), a hydrogen sulfide donor, slightly reduced the malondialdehyde content, hydrogen peroxide content and electrolyte leakage, which were induced by chilling stress and also elevated the activity of antioxidant enzymes, soluble sugar and proline levels, and reduced glutathione content in plants under chilling stress condition. Pre-treatment with other Na+ and sulfur-containing components including Na2S, Na2SO4, Na2SO3 showed no significant effect on lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide content under chilling stress. It can be concluded that the effect of NaHS pretreatment on alleviation of cold stress damages is probably related to its ability to release H2S because Na+- or sulfur-containing compounds (except NaHS) had no similar effects on alleviation of chilling damages.
Aram Sharifi-Zagheh; Amir Gholizadeh; Behzad Sorkhilalehloo; Mostafa Khodadadi
Abstract
Development of drought-tolerant cultivars with high essential oil yield is important for production of medicinal plants. So far application of half-sib mating has not been used in the coriander breeding for high essential oil yield and drought tolerance. In this study, 14 half-sib families of coriander ...
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Development of drought-tolerant cultivars with high essential oil yield is important for production of medicinal plants. So far application of half-sib mating has not been used in the coriander breeding for high essential oil yield and drought tolerance. In this study, 14 half-sib families of coriander derived from poly-cross design were evaluated under three irrigation treatments including: well water, mild water deficit stress and intense water deficit stress. In each environment, the half-sib families were evaluated using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Six drought-tolerance indices, including stress tolerance index (STI), geometric mean productivity (GMP), mean productivity (MP), harmonic mean (HM), stress tolerance (TOL) and stress susceptibility index (SSI) were calculated based on essential oil yield under non-stress (YP), mild stress (YM) and intense stress (YS). The results of correlation coefficients and biplot analysis revealed that STI, GMP, MP and HM indices could be effectively used for screening of drought tolerant genotypes of the coriander. Selection by these indices can be useful to identify a genotype with desirable essential oil yield in both non-stress and stress conditions. According to the results of three-dimensional graphs and view of biplot, half-sib families’ No. 6, 7 and 14 under mild stress and half-sib families’ No. 6, 7 and 12 under intense stress were selected as drought tolerant, and with high essential oil yield under non-stress and stress conditions. Therefore, these half-sib families can be used as a source of elite parents for synthetic cultivars in the coriander.
Maryam Rahimi; Narges Pakravan; Rouhollah Karimi
Abstract
Grapes are a rich source of phenolic compounds with high antioxidant, antibacterial, and nutritional properties among fruits. The aim of this study was to investigate different classes of phenolic compounds in the berry skin of eleven Vitis vinifera cultivars. The phenolic compounds were flavonols, flavanols, ...
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Grapes are a rich source of phenolic compounds with high antioxidant, antibacterial, and nutritional properties among fruits. The aim of this study was to investigate different classes of phenolic compounds in the berry skin of eleven Vitis vinifera cultivars. The phenolic compounds were flavonols, flavanols, flavone, anthocyanins, stilbenes, and phenolic acids. The highest amounts of catechin, epicatechin, ferulic acid, and chlorogenic acid were observed in ‘Yaghooti’ grape cultivar (P≤0.05). However, the amounts of catechin gallat, kaempferol, myricetin, and pcoumaric acid in ‘Bidaneh Ghermez’ berries were higher (P≤0.05) compared to other cultivars. Quercetin was the main flavonol and was highest (9.48 μg g-1; P≤0.05) in ‘Yaghooti’ berries. Luteolin content, as a flavone, ranged from 0.49 μmol g-1 in ‘Rishbaba’ berry skin to 0.88 μmol g-1 in ‘Bidaneh Ghermez’. Delphinidin-3-glucoside and malvidin-3- glucoside were highest in ‘Yaghooti’. Cyanidin-3-glucoside and peonidin -3-glucoside were highest in ‘Angoor Siah.’ Petunidin 3-glucoside was highest in ‘Bidaneh Ghermez’ (P≤0.05). Berry skin resveratrol varied from 22.7 μg g-1 in ‘Monaqa and Fakhri’ cultivars to 54.8 μg g-1 FW in ‘Bidaneh Ghermez,’ with an overall average of 36.9 μg g-1 FW. Among different cultivars, the antioxidant capacity of ‘Angoor Siah’ was highest (71.3%; P≤0.05) and ‘Monaqa’ was lowest. The ‘Angoor Siah’ cultivar had more antibacterial activity compared to other cultivars. In sum, the berry skin of ‘Yaghooti,’ ‘Angoor Siah,’ and ‘Bidaneh Ghermez’ showed the highest health-promoting bioactive compounds, potentially important for future studies.
Do-Hoon Lee; Si-Hong Kim; Birutkan Tolera; Jae-Yun Heo
Abstract
The effects of seed priming on the germination properties of A. hookeri, an important subtropical vegetable in Korea, were tested in Petri dishes and soil. In the Petri dish, the effects of two priming solutions, calcium chloride (CaCl2) and polyethylene glycol (PEG), and five priming times (6, 12, 18, ...
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The effects of seed priming on the germination properties of A. hookeri, an important subtropical vegetable in Korea, were tested in Petri dishes and soil. In the Petri dish, the effects of two priming solutions, calcium chloride (CaCl2) and polyethylene glycol (PEG), and five priming times (6, 12, 18, 24, and 48 h) were evaluated. The results indicated that both CaCl2 and PEG priming enhanced the germination of A. hookeri, but PEG priming resulted in a higher germination percentage, energy, rate, and time to reach 50% germination compared to control and CaCl2 priming. We further investigated whether seed priming had the same effect on A. hookeri germination in the soil. For this experiment, we selected two priming conditions that showed the best result for each group in a Petri dish by observing germination properties and initial growth characteristics. We found that both priming solutions positively affected the germination and early-stage growth of A. hookeri; however, CaCl2 priming had a more potent effect. These results suggest that seed priming can be effectively used to improve the germination properties of A. hookeri although its effect can differ depending on the environment of seed germination and growth.
Ali Akbar Ghasemi-Soloklui; Ahmad Ershadi
Abstract
Freezing damage is a significant environmental challenge that limits both the geographic distribution and production of pomegranates in the world. The objective of this research was to search for useful correlations between freezing tolerance and soluble carbohydrate and proline content, as well as stomatal ...
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Freezing damage is a significant environmental challenge that limits both the geographic distribution and production of pomegranates in the world. The objective of this research was to search for useful correlations between freezing tolerance and soluble carbohydrate and proline content, as well as stomatal density in different parts of the leaves, to allow indirect selection of winter hardiness in pomegranate cultivars. Our results showed that freezing tolerance at the non-acclimated stage (August) was not strongly correlated with freezing tolerance during deep winter dormancy in January. Cold tolerance in summer was strongly correlated with leaf stomatal density; however, a moderate correlation was observed between cold tolerance in winter and leaf stomatal density. The results showed that 'Alak', the most cold-tolerant cultivar in summer and winter, had the highest leaf stomatal density. 'Agha Mohammad Ali' cultivar had the lowest leaf stomatal density and cold tolerance in summer; however, this cultivar showed considerable cold tolerance in winter. Moreover, with the except of 'Agha Mohammad Ali', stomatal density in summer was related to soluble carbohydrate concentration in the stems, which could justify the correlation between stomatal density and winter hardiness in pomegranate trees. It was found that LT50 values in January were negatively related to soluble carbohydrate concentration in stems. However, there was no statistical correlation between winter hardiness in January and proline content in the stems. These results suggest that soluble carbohydrates and stomatal density are suitable indices for predicting freezing tolerance of pomegranate cultivars throughout the year and growing season, respectively.
Md. Saidee Rahman; Md. Kamrul Hassan; Fakhar Uddin Talukder; Md. Sohanur Rahman
Abstract
A large amount of oyster mushrooms is wasted every year due to post-harvest losses/decays. An experiment was conducted to observe the effect of low temperature to extend shelf life and nutritional quality of oyster mushroom. The experiment consisted of two treatments including: mushrooms stored at ambient ...
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A large amount of oyster mushrooms is wasted every year due to post-harvest losses/decays. An experiment was conducted to observe the effect of low temperature to extend shelf life and nutritional quality of oyster mushroom. The experiment consisted of two treatments including: mushrooms stored at ambient (25 °C) temperature or stored at 3 °C temperature. The experiment was laid out in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with three replications. Parameters investigated were color, firmness, freshness, appearance, flavor, texture, moisture and dry matter contents, weight loss, protein content, disease incidence, disease severity and shelf life. Highest moisture contents (85.3%) and shelf life (11.92 days) were recorded in mushrooms exposed to low temperature, while the highestdry matter content (35.25%), weight loss (15.28%), protein content(24.64%) were detected in mushrooms exposed to ambient temperature and the lowest moisture content (64.75%), shelf life (3.33%) were observed in mushrooms exposed to ambient temperature. Lowest dry matter content (14.97%) and weight loss (4%) were recorded in low temperature-exposed mushrooms. At 3 °C, mushrooms had the best quality especially in relation to weight loss, disease incidence and severity, color, firmness, freshness, appearance, flavor, texture, and dry matter content compared to those exposed to ambient temperature. Storage at 3 °C ultimately resulted in prolonged shelf life.
Sahar Toupchizadeh Tabrizian; Jafar Hajilou; Sahebali Bolandnazar; Gholamreza Dehghan
Abstract
Strawberry is one of the most important commercial fruits. This research aimed to ameliorate the negative effects of water deficit stress using silicon application on strawberry. The experiment was conducted as a factorial in a completely randomized design with three factors including cultivar (‘Selva’ ...
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Strawberry is one of the most important commercial fruits. This research aimed to ameliorate the negative effects of water deficit stress using silicon application on strawberry. The experiment was conducted as a factorial in a completely randomized design with three factors including cultivar (‘Selva’ and ‘Gavioita’), Na2SiO3 (Sodium silicate) concentrations [0, 3, and 6 mM), as the source of silicon, and water deficit stress (40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% of field capacity (FC)], in three replications. ‘Gavioita’ cultivar showed the highest superoxide dismutase enzyme activity in leaves under sever water deficit stress (40% of FC) following Na2SiO3 (3 and 6 mM concentrations) application. Application of Na2SiO3 at concentration of 6 mM increased the catalase enzyme activity significantly in the leaves of ‘Gavioita’cultivar under severe water deficit stress (40% of FC). The activity of peroxidase enzyme was enhanced considerably under 80% of FC and lower water deficit in the fruits of both cultivars. The fruit total anthocyanin level was increased significantly by application of Na2SiO3 at 3 and 6 mM concentrations under water deficit stress (60% of FC). Also, Na2SiO3 (at concentrations of 3 and 6 mM) enhanced the proline level significantly in ‘Gavioita’ cultivar compared to the control treatment under normal conditions (100% of FC). In conclusion, the results of present study indicated that application of Na2SiO3 at 6 mM concentration is useful treatment to cope with sever water deficit stress (40% of FC) especially in ‘Gavioita’ cultivar of strawbery
