Document Type : Research paper

Authors

Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Golestan University, Gorgan, Iran

Abstract

As a valuable industrial compound, cichoric acid has antiviral, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties. It is effectively used in obesity prevention and for neuroprotective purposes. Here, we aimed to compare the effects of plant growth regulators and UV-B radiation on the induction of cichoric acid production under tissue culture conditions. For this purpose, Lactuca undulata, an herbaceous medicinal plant, was used as a new source of cichoric acid. Leaf explants were initially cultured on ½ MS (Murashige and Skoog) medium containing 0.1, 1 mg/L Kinetin (Kin) and 2,4 Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). The callus was then exposed to different UV-B exposure times (0, 20, 40, and 60 min) and was harvested after 5, 10, and 15 days. The highest amounts of total phenol, cichoric acid, chlorogenic acid, and caffeic acid were achieved in callus samples that were treated with 20 and 40 minutes of UV-B radiation for 10 days. Cichoric acid content reached an amount of 6.15±0.292 mg/g DW after 20 min of radiation. Pearson’s correlation coefficient analysis (PCC) showed that Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase (PAL) activity did not correlate with the production of caffeic acid derivatives. These results suggested that UVB irradiation can be used as an elicitor to induce the production of cichoric acid in Lactuca undulata callus cultures.

Keywords

Chang A, Lim MH, Lee SW, Robb EJ, Nazar RN. 2008. Tomato PAL gene family: highly redundant but strongly underutilized. Journal of Biological Chemistry 283, 33591-33601.
Ghasemzadeh A, Ashkani S, Baghdadi A, Pazoki A, Jaafar HZE, Rahmat A. 2016. Improvement in Flavonoids and Phenolic Acids Production and Pharmaceutical Quality of Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) by Ultraviolet-B Irradiation. Molecules 21, 1203-1210.
Harbaum-Piayda B, Walter B, Bengtsson GB, Hubbermann EM, Bilger W, Schwarz K. 2010. Influence of pre-harvest UV-B irradiation and normal or controlled atmosphere storage on flavonoid and hydroxycinnamic acid contents of pak choi (Brassica campestris L. ssp. chinensis var. communis). Postharvest Biology and Technology 56, 202–208.
Heijde M, Ulm R. 2012. UV-B photoreceptor-mediated signaling in plants. Trends in Plant Science 17, 230– 237.
Ibrahim MH, Jaafar HZE. 2012. Primary, secondary metabolites, H2O2, malondialdehyde and photosynthetic responses of Orthosiphon stimaneus Benth. To different irradiance levels. Molecules 17, 1159–1176.
Karvansara PR, Razavi SM. 2019. Physiological and biochemical responses of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L) to UV-B radiation. Peer Journal 7, 6790-67106.
Kumar J, Gupta PK. 2008. Molecular approaches for improvement of medicinal and aromatic plants. Plant Biotechnology Report 2, 93-112.
Lee J, Scagel CF. 2013. Cichoric acid: chemistry, distribution, and production. Frontiers in Chemistry 1, 117-123.
Lee MJ, Son JE, Oh MM. 2014. Growth and phenolic compounds of Lactuca sativa L. grown in a closed-type plant production system with UV-A, -B, or -C lamp.Science Food Agriculture 94, 197-204.
Luo XB, Chen B, Yao SZ, Zeng JG. 2003. Simultaneous analysis of caffeic acid derivatives & alkamides in roots and extracts of Echinacea purpurea by HPLCphotodiode array detection-electrospray mass spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography 986, 73-81.
Luis JC, Perez RM, Gonzalez FV. 2007. UV-B radiation effects on foliar concentrations of rosmarinic and carnosic acids in rosemary plants. Food Chemistry 101, 1211–1215.
Manaf HH, Rabie KAE, Abd El-Aal MS. 2016. Impact of UV-B radiation on some biochemical changes and growth parameters in Echinacea purpurea callus and suspension culture. Annals of Agricultural Science in press. Annual Agricultural Science 61, 207–216.
Meda A, Euloge C, Romito M, Millogo J, Germaine O. 2005. Determination of the total phenolic, flavonoid and proline contents in Burkina Fasan honey, as well as their radical scavenging activity. Food Chemistry 91, 571–577.
Mofid Bojnoordi M, Aghdasi M, Fatemi M. 2020. An investigation on phytochemical components and antioxidant activity of Luctuca undulata in 5 natural habitats of Iran. Journal of Medical Plants 75, 65-75.
Murashige T, Skoog F. 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bio assays with tobacco tissue cultures. Plant Physiology 15, 473–497.
Namli S, Işıkalan C, Akbaş F, Toker Z, Tilkat EA. 2014. Effects of UV-B radiation on total phenolic, flavonoid and hypericin contents in Hypericum retusum Aucher grown under in vitro conditions. National Product Research 28, 2286-2292.
Papoutsis K, Vuong QV, Pristijono P, Golding JB, Bowyer MC, Scarlett CJ, Stathopoulos CE. 2016. Enhancing the total phenolic content and antioxidants of lemon pomace aqueous extracts by applying UV-C irradiation to the dried powder. Foods 10, 512–516.
Pourmorad F, Hosseinimehr SJ, Shahabimajd N. 2006. Antioxidant activity, phenol and flavonoid contents of some selected Iranian medicinal plants. African Journal of Biotechnology, 11,1142–1145.
Prochazkova D, Sairam RK, Srivastava GC, Singh DV. 2001. Oxidative stress and antioxidant activity as the basis of senescence in maize leaves. Plant Science 161, 765–771.
Rácz A, Czégény G, Csepreg K, Hideg E. 2020. Ultraviolet-B acclimation is supported by functionally heterogeneous phenolic peroxidases. Scientific Reports 10, 16303-16315.
Ramezannezhad R, Aghdasi M, Fatemi M. 2019. An investigation on cichoric acid content and antioxidant activity in some Iranian native species compared to Echinacea purpurea L. in different developmental stages. Iranian Journal of Medical Aromatic Plants 34, 909-923.
Robson TM, Klem K, Urban O, Janso MAK. 2015. Reinterpreting plant morphological responses to UV-B radiation. Plant, Cell and Environment 38, 856–866.
Safavi SR, Asadi R, Naseh Y, Jafari E, Heydarnia N. 2013. Flora of Iran, Asteraceae Tribe Cichorieae. Research Institute of Forests and Rangelands Press.
Schreiner M, Mewis I, Huyskens-Keil S, Jansen MAK, Zrenner R, Winkler JB, Krumbein, A. 2012. UV-Binduced secondary plant metabolites–potential benefits for plant and human health. Critical Reviews in Plant Sciences 31, 229–240.
Sun M, Gu X, Fu H, Zhang L, Chen R, Cui L, Zheng L, Zhang D, Tian J. 2010. Change of secondary metabolites in leaves of Ginkgo biloba L. in response to UV-B induction. Innovative Food Science and Emerging Technologies 11, 672–676.
Treutter D. 2005. Significance of flavonoids in plant resistance and enhancement of their biosynthesis. Plant Biology 7, 581-591.
Tsikas D. 2017. Assessment of lipid peroxidation by measuring malondialdehyde (MDA) and relatives in biological samples: analytical and biological challenges. Anal of Biochemistry 524, 13–30.
Yildirim AB. 2020. Ultraviolet-B-induced changes on phenolic compounds, antioxidant capacity and HPLC profile of in vitro grown plant materials in Echium orientale L. Industrial Crops and Products 153, 112584- 112590.
Yin X, Sunger SD Qiao H, Liu Y, Jia C, Wang H, Fei Z, Wang Y, Fan C. 2016. Insights into the mechanism underlying Ultraviolet-C induced resveratrol metabolism in grapevine (Vitis anurensis Rupr.) Cv. “Tonghua-3”. Frontiers in Plant Science 7, 503-510.
Zhang X, Gou M, Liu CJ. 2013. Arabidopsis Kelch repeats F-box proteins regulate phenylpropanoid biosynthesis via controlling the turnover of phenylalanine ammonialyase. Plant Cell 25, 4994–5010.
Zhang X, Gou M, Gou C, Yang H, Liu CJ. 2015. DownRegulation of Kelch Domain-Containing F-Box Protein in Arabidopsis Enhances the Production of (Poly) phenols and Tolerance to Ultraviolet Radiation. Plant Physiology 167, 337–350.
Zagoskina NV, Dubravina GA, Alyavina AK, Goncharuk EA. 2003. Effect of ultraviolet (UV-B) radiation on the formation and localization of phenolic compounds in tea plant callus cultures. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology 50, 270–275.
Zlatev Z, Lidon FC. 2012. Plant physiological responses to UV-B radiation. Emirate Journal of Food and Agriculture 24, 481-501.