Influence of Improved Seedling Rootstocks on Pomological and Organoleptic Traits of Four Apple Cultivars

Document Type : Research paper

Authors

1 Department of Horticulture, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

2 Temperate and Cold Fruit Research Centre, Horticulture Science Research Institute, Agriculture Research Education and Extension Organization, Karaj, Iran

3 Department of Biotechnology and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Food Industries, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran

4 Department of Plant Molecular Biotechnology, National Institute of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Tehran, Iran

Abstract

The influence of five open-pollinated seedling rootstocks and two marketed seed lots (as the controls) were assessed on pomological, biochemical, and organoleptic traits of four apple cultivars (Malus×domestica Borkh.), grown in Meshkin Abad Horticultural Research Station (Karaj, Iran). The maternal parents, as the three crabs 'Zinati', 'Morabbaei', and 'Azayesh' along with the standard trees 'Northern Spy' and 'Golden Karaj' were selected as the seed sources through a breeding program in 2003. The present study was achieved on the 4- and 5-year-old trees, spindle formed, planted in 3.5×4 m, and drop irrigated in 28 combinations (four cultivars onto 5+2 rootstocks, distributed in four distinct parcels). The investigation was carried out on pomological traits based on UPOV scales, as well as biochemical and organoleptic traits. Higher fruit length, diameter, and weight were recorded for the cultivars grafted onto 'Northern Spy', followed by 'Zinati' and 'Morabbaei' seed sources. 'Zinati' F1 crab seedling induced higher flesh firmness combined with the four scions. The crab seedling rootstocks 'Zinati' followed by 'Azayesh' caused a higher organoleptic scent, flavor, and sweetness attributed by the panel members. Moreover, pH, TA, and TSS were influenced by scion, while rootstock effect was negligible. These results indicated that F1 half-sib seedling rootstocks positively influenced the pomological and organoleptic traits and improved the fruit's quality.

Keywords

References

Abbott JA, Saftner RA, Gross KC, et al. 2004. Consumer evaluation and quality measurement of fresh-cut slices of Fuji, Golden Delicious, GoldRush, and Granny Smith apples. Postharvest Biology and Technology 33, 127–140.
Al-Hinai YK, Roper TR. 2004. Rootstock effects on growth and quality of Gala apples. HortScience 39, 1231–1233.
Alizadeh A. 2014. Evaluation of local varieties of apple regarding fruit quantitative and qualitative characteristics. Academic Journal of Applied Science 1, 22–27.
Allegra A, Barone E, Inglese P, et al. 2015. Variability of sensory profile and quality characteristics for Pesca di Bivona and Pesca di Leonforte peach (Prunus persica Batsch) fresh-cut slices during storage. Postharvest Biology and Technology 110, 61–69.
Amyotte B, Bowen AJ, Banks T, et al. 2017. Mapping the sensory perception of apple using descriptive sensory evaluation in a genome-wide association study. PLoS One 12, e0171710.
Barreiro P, Ortiz C, Ruiz-Altisent M, et al. 1998. Comparison between sensory and instrumental measurements for mealiness assessment in apples: a collaborative test. Journal of Texture Studies 29, 509–525.
Brookfield PL, Nicoll S, Gunson FA, et al. 2011. Sensory evaluation by small postharvest teams and the relationship with instrumental measurements of apple texture. Postharvest Biology and Technology 59, 179–186.
Cliff MA, Stanich K, LU R, Hampson CR. 2015. Use of descriptive analysis and preference mapping for early-stage assessment of new and established apples. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 96, 2170–2183.
Daugaard H, Callesen O. 2002. The effect of rootstock on yield and quality of Mutsu apples. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology 77, 248–251.
Dever MC, Cliff A, Hall JW. 1995. Analysis of variation and multivariate relationships among analytical and sensory characteristics in whole apple evaluation. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 69, 329–338.
Donati F, Gaiani A, Guerra W, et al. 2006. Comparazione sensoriale e strumentale di mele provenienti da diversi areali italiani. Rivista di Frutticoltura 11, 63–69.
Fallahi E, Kiester MJ, Fallahi B, Mahdavi S. 2018. Rootstock, canopy architecture, bark girdling, and scoring influence on growth, productivity, and fruit quality at harvest in Aztec Fuji apple. HortScience 53, 1629–1633.
Gentile C, Reig C, Corona O, et al. 2016. Pomological Traits, Sensory Profile, and Nutraceutical Properties of Nine Cultivars of Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica Lindl.) Fruits Grown in Mediterranean Area. Plant Foods for Human Nutrition 71, 330–338.
Hajnajari H. 2018. Effect of parent selection in apple seed rootstock breeding program for uniform tree production. Journal of Experimental Biology and Agriculture Sciences 6, 396–404.
Hajnajari H, Mizani A. 2015. Neglected aspects of seed rootstocks for fruit quality, sensorial analyses, and tolerance to virus infections. Acta Horticulturae 1074, 119–124.
Hampson CR, Quamme HA, Hall JW, et al. 2000. Sensory evaluation as a selection tool in apple breeding. Euphytica 111, 79–90.
Hancock JF, Luby JJ, Brown SK, Lobos GA. 2008. Temperate Fruit Crop Breeding. Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht.
Harker FR, Amos RL, Echeverriaa G, Gunson FA. 2006. Influence of texture on taste: insights gained during studies of hardness, juiciness, and sweetness of apple fruit. Journal of Food Science 71, S77–S82.
Harker FR, Maindonald J, Murray SH, et al. 2002. Sensory interpretation of instrumental measurements 1: Texture of apple fruit. Postharvest Biology and Technology 24, 225–239.
Hoehn E, Gasser F, Guggenbühl B, Künsch U. 2003. Efficacy of instrumental measurements for determination of minimum requirements of firmness, soluble solids, and acidity of several apple varieties in comparison to consumer expectations. Postharvest Biology and Technology 27, 27–37.
Iglesias I, Echeverría G, Lopez ML. 2012. Fruit color development, anthocyanin content, standard quality, volatile compound emissions, and consumer acceptability of several Fuji apple strains. Scientia Horticulturae (Amsterdam) 137, 138–147.
Ioannnides Y, Howarth MS, Raithatha C, et al. 2007. Texture analysis of Red Delicious fruit: towards multiple measurements on individual fruit. Food Quality and Preference 18, 825–833.
Janick J, Cummins JN, Brown SK HM. 1996. Apples. In: Fruit breeding: tree and tropical fruits (Janick J, Moore JN, eds.). John Wiley and Sons, New York. pp 1–77.
Karbalaei Khiavi H, Pirayesh A. 2017. Effect of Malling and Malling Merton rootstocks and planting distances on the quality and quantity characteristics of apple cultivar Red Delicious in Meshginshahr region. Journal of Plant Production 40, 89–98.
Karlsen AM, Aaby K, Sivertsen H, et al. 1999. Instrumental and sensory analysis of fresh Norwegian and imported apples. Food Quality and Preference 10, 305–314.
Kviklys D, Vikelis P, Rubinskienė M, et al. 2014. Rootstock affects apple fruit biochemical content. Acta Horticulturae 1058, 595–599.
Marini RP, Barden JA, Cline JA, Perry RL. 2002. Effect of apple rootstocks on average Gala fruit weight at four locations after adjusting for crop load. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 127, 749–753.
Mehinagic E, Royer G, Symoneaux R, et al. 2004. Prediction of the sensory quality of apples by physical measurements. Postharvest Biology and Technology 34, 257–269.
Musacchi S, Serra S. 2018. Apple fruit quality: Overview on pre-harvest factors. Scientia Horticulturae (Amsterdam) 234, 409–430.
Naschitz S, Naor A. 2005. The effect of crop load on tree water consumption of Golden Delicious apples in relation to fruit size: an operative model. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 130, 7–11.
Nour V, Trandafir I, Ionica ME. 2010. Compositional characteristics of fruits of several apple (Malus×domestica Borkh.) cultivars. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 38, 228–233.
Ross CF. 2009. Sensory science at the humane machine interface. Trends in Food Science and Technology 20, 63–72.
Saghafian Larijani A, Hajnajari H, Khosrowshahli M, Mousavi A. 2021. Influence of improved seedling rootstocks on dwarfism, uniformity, and fruit set of apple cultivars in a 15-year scheme. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science 1–16.
Serra S, Leisso R, Giordani L, et al. 2016. Crop load influences fruit quality, nutritional balance, and return bloom in Honeycrisp apple. HortScience 51, 236–244.
Skendrović Babojelić M, Ivančić K, Družić J, et al. 2007. Chemical and sensory characteristics of three apple cultivars (Malus×domestica Borkh.). Agriculturae Conspectus Scientificus 72, 317–322.
Sortino G, Ingrassia M, Allegra A, Inglese P. 2015. Sensory evaluation and suitability for fresh-cut produce of white peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] Settembrina di Bivona. Acta Horticulturae 1084, 787–790.
Talluto G, Farina V, Volpe G, Lo Bianco R. 2008. Effects of partial rootzone drying and rootstock vigor on growth and fruit quality of Pink Lady apple trees in Mediterranean environments. Crop and Pasture Science 59, 785–794.
Vanoli M, Buccheri M. 2012. Overview of the methods for assessing harvest maturity. Stewart Postharvest Review 8, 1–11.
Webster AD. 2001. Rootstocks for temperate fruit crops: current uses, future potential, and alternative strategies. Acta Horticulturae 557, 25–34.
International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology
Volume 9, Issue 3
September 2022
Pages 339-354

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 20 May 2021
  • Revise Date: 21 August 2021
  • Accept Date: 08 November 2021

Share

How to cite

Statistics