Document Type : Research paper

Authors

1 Department of Horticulture and Landscape Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran

2 Department of Grapevine Production and Genetic Improvement, Iranian Grape and Raisin Institute, Malayer University, Malayer, Iran

3 Department of Food Nanotechnology, Research Institute of Food Sciences and Technology, Mashhad, Iran

Abstract

Raisins are good sources of bioactive compounds with beneficial effects on human health. Mineral nutrition is one of the main viticultural practices affecting grape and raisin phytochemical compositions. In this study, the effect of preharvest foliar application of potassium (K2SO4; 0, 1.5 and 3%) and iron (Fe-EDDHA; 0, 0.5 and 1%) was evaluated on some nutritional and biochemical properties of raisins produced from ripped ‘Red Sultana’ grape (Vitis vinifera L.). The experiment laid on a factorial arrangement of variables using a completely randomized block design. The highest soluble sugars of fructose and glucose were related to raisin produced from the vines treated with 3% potassium in combination with 0.5% iron fertilizers. However, 3% K2SO4-treated vines in combination with 1% Fe- EDDHA showed a considerable increase in raisin sucrose and also putrescine concentration. The raisin organic acids of succinic acid, fumaric acid, citric acid, and malic acid increased significantly in treated vines with both fertilizers at final doses; however, tartaric acid showed the highest amount in 3% potassium in combination with 0.5% iron treatments. The vines treated with a high level of potassium in combination with moderate level of iron produced raisin with the highest phenolic acids of kaempferol, quercetin, chlorogenic acid and resveratrol and also showed the lowest polyphenol oxidase activity. Furthermore, raisin cinnamic acid, rutin and catechin concentration showed a peak in vines sprayed with a high level of potassium and iron and also most anthocyanidins such as petunidin-3-glucoside, peonidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-glucoside and delphinidin-3-glucoside reached their highest concentration by this treatment. Likewise, the highest antioxidant capacities (measured by FRAP, DPPH and ABTS methods) were achieved in 3% potassium–treated vines in combined with iron at a moderate level. In conclusion, results indicated that preharvest application of potassium and iron are highly effective to improve the Red Sultana raisin bioactive compositions.

Keywords

Abd El-Razek E, Treutte D, Saleh M.M.S, El-Shammaa M, Fouad A.A, Abdel-Hamid N. 2011. Effect of nitrogen and potassium fertilization on productivity and fruit quality of ‘Crimson Seedless’ grape. Agriculture and Biology Journal of North America. 2: 330–340.
Abdel-Salam M.M. 2016. Effect of foliar application of salicylic acid and micronutrients on the berries quality of ‘Bezel Naka’ local grape cultivar. Sciences. 6:178–188.
Ahmed F.F, Akl A.M, El-Morsy F.M. 1997. Yield and quality of ‘Banaty’ grapes in response to spraying iron and zinc. HortScience. 32: 516.
Bacha M.A, Sabbah S.M, El-Hamady M.A. 1995. Effect of foliar applications of iron, zinc and manganese on yield, berry quality and leaf mineral composition of Thompson Seedless and Roumy Red grape cultivars. Alexandria Journal of Agricultural Sciences. 40: 315–331.
Bavaresco L. 1993. Effect of potassium fertilizer on induced stilbene synthesis in different grapevine varieties. Bulletin de O.I.V. 66: 674-689 (in French).
Bavaresco L, Civardi S, Pezzutto S, Vezzulli S, Ferrari F. 2005. Grape production, technological parameters, and stilbenic compounds as affected by lime induced chlorosis. Vitis. 44: 63–65.
Benzie I.F.F, Strain J.J. 1996. The ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) as a measure of ‘antioxidant power’: the FRAP assay. Analytical Biochemistry. 239: 70-76.
Bozan B, Tosun G, Ozcan D. 2008. Study of polyphenol content in the seeds of red grape (Vitis viniera L.) varieties cultivated in Turkey and their antiradical activity. Food Chemistry. 109: 426-430.
Bozin B, Mimica-Dukic N, Samojlik I, Goran A, Igic R. 2008. Phenolics as antioxidants in garlic (Allium sativum L.). Food Chemistry. 111: 925–929.
Braidot E, Zancani M, Petrussa E, Peresson C, Bertolini A, Patui S, Macrì F, Vianello A. 2008. Transport and accumulation of flavonoids in grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.). Plant Signaling and Behavior.  3: 626-632.
Brunetto G, Melo G.W.B.D, Toselli M, Quartieri M, Tagliavini M. 2015. The role of mineral nutrition on yields and fruit quality in grapevine, pear and apple. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura. 37: 1089-1104.
Carranza-Concha J, Benlloch M, Camacho M.M, Martínez-Navarrete N. 2012. Effects of drying and pretreatment on the nutritional and functional quality of raisins. Food and Bioproducts Processing. 90: 243–248.
Comis D.B, Tamayo D.M, Alonso J.M. 2001. Determination of monosaccharaides in cider by reversed-phase liquid chromatography. Analytica Chimica Acta. 436: 173–178.
Curie C, Briat J.F. 2003. Iron transport and signaling in plants. Annual Review of Plant Biology. 54: 183–206.
Delgado R, Gonzalez M.R, Martin P. 2006. Interaction effects of nitrogen and potassium fertilization on anthocyanin composition and chromatic features of tempranillo grapes. Journal International des Sciences de la Vigne et du Vin. 40:141.
Eyduran S.P, Akin M, Ercisli S, Eyduran E, Maghradze D. 2015. Sugars, organic acids, and phenolic compounds of ancient grape cultivars (Vitis vinifera L.) from Igdir province of Eastern Turkey. Biological Research. 48(1): 2.
Ghrairi F, Lahouar L, Amira E.A, Brahmi F, Ferchichi A, Achour L, Said S. 2013. Physicochemical composition of different varieties of raisins (Vitis vinifera L.) from Tunisia. Industrial Crops and Products. 43: 73–77.
Jogaiah S, Sharma A.K, Adsule P.G. 2014. Rootstock influence on the biochemical composition and polyphenol oxidase activity of ‘Thompson Seedless’ grapes and raisins. International Journal of Fruit Science. 14(2): 133-146.
Karadeniz F, Durst R.W, Wrolstad R.E. 2000. Polyphenolic composition of raisins. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 48: 5343-5350.
Karimi R. 2017. Potassium-induced freezing tolerance is associated with endogenous abscisic acid, polyamines and soluble sugars changes in grapevine. Scientia Horticulturae. 215: 184–194.
Karimi R, Mirbagheri S.M. 2018. Effect of potassium and iron on berries resveratrol and viniferin accumulation and antioxidant capacity of ‘Bidaneh Sefid’ grapevine cultivar. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 19 (4): 469- 482. (In Persian)
Karimi R, Mirzaei F. 2018. The effect of three drying methods on biophysical and biochemical properties of raisin. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 49(2): 475-491. (In Persian)
Karimi R, Koulivand M, Ollat N. 2019. Soluble sugars, phenolic acids and antioxidant capacity of grape berries as affected by iron and nitrogen. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum. 41:117.
Keller M. 2015. The science of grapevines: anatomy and physiology, 2nd ed. Academic Press, Burlington, p 400.
Koponen J, Happonen A, Mattila P, Torronen R. 2007. Contents of anthocyanins and ellagitannins in foods consumed in Finland.  Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry.  55: 1612–1619.
Lante A, Tinello F, Lomolino G. 2016. The use of polyphenol oxidase activity to identify a potential raisin variety, Food Biotechnology. 30 (2): 98-109.
Marschner H. 2012. Marschner’s mineral nutrition of higher plants, 3rd edn. Academic Press, London, pp 178–189.
Martin P, Relgado R, González M.R, Gallegos J.I. 2004. Color of ‘Tempranillo’ affected by different nitrogen and potassium fertilization rates. Proc. 1st International Symposium on Grapevine Growing, Commerce and Research, Lisbon, Portugal. Acta Horticulturae. 652: 153-159.
Mohammed S, Singh D, Ahlawat V.P. 1993. Growth, yield and quality of grapes as affected by pruning and basal application of potassium. Haryana Journal of Horticultural Sciences. 22: 179–197.
Moreno A, Astro M, Falque E. 2008. Evolution of trans- and cis-resveratrol content in red grapes (Vitis vinifera L. cv Mencia, Albarello and Merenzao) during ripening. European Food Research and Technology. 227: 667-674. 
Norozi M, ValizadehKaji B, Karimi R, Nikoogoftar Sedghi M. 2019. Effects of foliar application of potassium and zinc on pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) fruit yield. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology. 6(1): 113-123.
Re R, Pellegrini N, Proteggente A, Pannala A, Yang M, Rice- Evans C. 1999. Antioxidant activity applying an improved ABTS radical cation decolorization assay. Free Radical Biology and Medicine. 26: 1231-1237.
Restani P, Frigerio G, Colombo F, de Sousa L.P, Altindişli A, Pastor R.F, Lorenzo C.D. 2016. Raisins in human health: A Review. BIO Web Conferences. 7: 1–6.
Sério S, Rivero-Pérez M.D, Correia A.C, Jordão A.M, González-San José M.L. 2014. Analysis of commercial grape raisins: phenolic content, antioxidant capacity and radical scavenger activity. Ciência e Técnica Vitivinícola. 29(1): 1-8.
Shi P, Li B, Chen H, Song C, Meng J, Xi Z, Zhang Z. 2017. Iron supply affects
anthocyanin content and related gene expression in berries of Vitis vinifera cv. Cabernet Sauvignon. Molecules. 22:283.
Shin K.S, Chakrabarty D, Paek K.Y. 2002. Sprouting rate, change of carbohydrate contents and related enzymes during cold treatment of Lily bulblets regenerated in vitro. Scientia Horticulturae. 96: 195–204.
Simal S, Rossello C, Sanchez E, Canellas J. 1996. Quality of raisins treated and stored under different conditions. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry. 44: 3297-3302.
Spiller G.A, Story J.A, Furumoto E.J, Chezem J.C, Spiller M. 2003. Effect of tartaric acid and dietary fibre from sun-dried raisins on colonic function and on bile acid and volatile fatty acid excretion in healthy adults. British Journal of Nutrition. 90(4): 803-807.
USDA. 2019. United States Department of Agriculture. Raisins: World Markets and Trade. https://apps.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/circulars/raisins.pdf (accessed Sep 18, 2018).
Valentinuzzi F, Mason M, Scampicchio M, Andreotti C, Cesco S, Mimmo T. 2015. Enhancement of the bioactive compound content in strawberry fruits grown under iron and phosphorus deficiency. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture. 95: 2088–2094.
Vekiari S.A, Panagou E, Mallidis C. 2008. Extraction and determination of ellagic acid content in chestnut bark and fruit. Food Chemistry. 110: 1007–1011.
Walter H, Geuns J. 1987. High speed HPLC analysis of polyamines in plant tissues. Plant Physiology. 83: 2–234.
Wang S.Y. 2006. Effect of pre-harvest conditions on antioxidant capacity in fruits. In IV International Conference on Managing Quality in Chains-The Integrated View on Fruits and Vegetables Quality. 712: 299-306.
Williamson G, Carughi A. 2010. Polyphenol content and health benefits of raisins. Nutrition Research. 30: 511–519.
Yari M, Manafi M, Hedayati M, Karimi R, Valizadeh R, Jonker A. 2017. Nutritional Value, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic Molecular Structures, Mycotoxines and Heavy Metals Concentration of Un-Ripe, Ripe and Sun-Dried Fruit from ‘Sultana’Grapevine for Ruminants. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science. 7(3): 411-420.
Zheng Y.J, Duan Y.T, Zhang Y.F, Pan Q.H, Li J.M, Huang W.D. 2009. Determination of organic acids in red wine and must on only one RP-LC-column directly after sample dilution and filtration. Chromatographia. 69: 1391-1395.