Document Type : Research paper
Authors
1 Department of Horticultural Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran
2 Biotechnology Department of Gorgan Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University, Gorgan, Iran
10.22059/ijhst.2022.346841.580
Abstract
Biochemical diversity is a manifestation of geographical area and environmental change. In the present study, 16 ecotypes of yellow flag species were identified and collected through field studies. The ecotypes were identified and then grouped into three populations based on their geographical locations. Using spectrophotometric methods, eight biochemical properties were measured. These were chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, antioxidant capacity, carotenoids, total phenol, flavonoids, and anthocyanin content. The biochemical traits were analyzed in a completely randomized design in three replications using SAS software and principal component analysis via SPSS software. The analysis of variance showed significant differences between the ecotypes in terms of biochemical traits (p<0.05; p<0.01). Photosyntheti-c pigments occurred maximally in ecotype Q, phenol and flavonoids in ecotype K, antioxidant capacity in ecotype O, and anthocyanin content in ecotype L. The populations were divided into three main groups by cluster analysis. Correlation analysis showed significant, positive correlations between chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll (r = 90%), total chlorophyll and carotenoids (r = 67%), as well as phenol content and flavonoid content (r = 56 %). The results indicated significant bioch-emical diversity in the ecotypes.
Keywords
Ahmadi M, Kamkar B, Soltani A, Zeinali A, Arabameri R. 2010. The effect of planting date on the duration of phonological phases in wheat cultivars and its relation with grain yield. Journal of Plant Production 7(2), 109- 122.
Ammarellou A, Kazemitabar K, Najafei Zarreini H. 2014. Effects of genetic and environmental conditions on bulbing quality of 38 Iranian garlic (Allium sativum L.) cultivars. Third National Congress on Medicinal Plants. Mashhad, Iran P: 331.
Asadi-Samani M, Rafieian-Kopaei M, Azimi N. 2013. Gundelia: a systematic review of medicinal and molecular perspectives. Pakistan Journal of Biological Sciences 16(21), 1238-1247.
Azimi MH, Jozghasemi S, Barba-Gonzalez R. 2018. Multivariate analysis of morphological characteristics in Iris germanica hybrids. Euphytica 214(9). https://doi:10.1007/s10681-018-2239-7
Babalar M, Khoshsokhan F, Fattahi-Moghaddam MR, Pourmeidani A. 2013. An evaluation of the morphological diversity and oil content in some populations of thyme (Thymus kotschyanus Boiss. & Hohen). Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science 44, 119-128.
Barnes JD, Balaguer L, Manrique E, Elvira S, Davison AW. 1992. A reappraisal of the use of DMSO for the extraction and determination of chlorophylls a and b in lichens and higher plants. Environmental and Experimental Botany 2(32), 85-100.
Basey A, Fant J, Kramer A. 2015. Producing native plant materials for restoration: 10 rules to collect and maintain genetic diversity. Native Plants 16(1), 37-53.
Bertome J, Isabel Arrillage M, Segura J. 2007. Essential oil variation within and among the natural population of Lavandula latifolia and its relation to their ecological areas. Biochemical Systematics and Ecology 35, 479- 488.
Bhandari HR, Nishant Bhanu A, Srivastava K, Singh MN, Shreya A, Hemantaranjan A. 2017. Assessment of genetic diversity in crop plants – an overview. Advances in Plants and Agriculture Research 7(3), 279-286.
Chen JW, Kuang SB, Long GQ, Yang SC, Meng ZG, Li LG, Chen ZJ, Zhang GH. 2016. Photosynthesis, light energy partitioning, and photoprotection in the shadedemanding species Panax notoginseng under high and low levels of growth irradiance. Functional Plant Biology 43, 479-491.
Chiara Valgimigli M. 2005. Genetic variability in the Italian population of Cupressus sempervirens L. assessed by SSR and RAPD markers. Thesis. PN: 75.
Deng YM, Li CC, Shao QS, Ye XQ, She JM. 2012. Differential responses of double petal and multi-petal jasmine to shading: I. Photosynthetic characteristics and chloroplast ultrastructure. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 55, 93-102.
Dillon WR, Goldstein M. 1984. Multivariate analysis – methods and applications. John Wiley and Sons, New York, USA.
Fille cache A, Aliabadi A, Farzane H, Borzooei M, Dadrasi A. 2012. Ecology study of Salvia leriifolia in Sabzevar. Congress of Horticultural Sciences. Bu-Ali Sina University.
Ghani A, Azizi M, Pahlavanpoor AA, Pasanzadeh M. 2014. Comparison of percentage and essential components of Yazd berry Shirazi in terms of local and agricultural conditions. Journal of Medicinal Plants 8(2), 120-128.
Ghani A, Nemati SJ, Saharkhiz M, Farsi M. 2013. Study of biochemical diversity of extracts of some edible mint populations (Mentha spicata L.). Journal of Horticultural Science 27(4), 433-443.
Herrmann F, Romero M, Blazquez A, Kaufmann D, Ashour M, Kahl S, Marin Jb, Efferth T, Wink M. 2011. Diversity of pharmacological properties in Chinese and European medicinal plants: cytotoxicity, antiviral and antitrypanosomal screening of 82 herbal drugs. Diversity 3, 547-580.
Hosseini S, Feizi H, Homeland P, Ali-Pana M. 2016. Review and comparison of essential oil chemical compounds of Mentha longifolia L. Hudson. In different habitats of Fars province and Khorasan Razavi provinces. Journal of Ecophythochem Medicinal Plants 49(2), 525-529.
Inze D, Van Montagu M. 2002. Oxidative stress in plants. Taylor & Francis, London. Jaca T, Mkhize V. 2015. Distribution of Iris pseudacorus (Linnaeus, 1753) in South Africa. Journal of Bioinvasions Records 4(4), 249-253.
Jackson JE. 1991. A user’s guide to principal components. Wiley, New York, USA. Jaiswal V, Der Marderosian A, Porter JR. 2009. Anthocyanins and polyphenol oxidase from dried arils of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.). Food Chemistry 118, 11-16.
Jamshidi M, Ahmadi HR, Rezazadeh SH, Fathi F, Mazanderani M. 2010. Study on phenolic and antioxidant activity of some selected plants of Mazandaran province. Medicinal Plants 9(34),177-183.
Jan R, Asef S, Numan M, Mim Kim L. 2021. Plant secondary metabolite biosynthesis and transcriptional regulation in response to biotic and abiotic stress conditions. Agronomy 11: 968. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy11050968
Johnson DE. 1998. Applied multivariate methods for data analysis. Duxbury Press. New York.
Jozghasemi S, Rabiei V, Soleymani A, Khalighi A. 2016. Karyotype analysis of seven Iris species native to Iran. Caryologia 69(4), 351–36.
Kaghazloo Z, Hemati Kh, Khorasani Nezhad S. 2017. Effect of plant height on some secondary metabolites of different organs of Sambucus ebulus L. in three cities in Golestan province. Journal of Iran Plant Physiology Research 12(47), 1-13.
Kasote D, Katyare S, Hegde M, Bae H. 2015. Significance of antioxidant potential of plants and its relevance to therapeutic applications. International Journal of Biological Sciences 11(8), 982–991.
Kassak P. 2012. Total flavonoids and phenolics content of selected genus Iris species. Acta Universitatis Agricultureae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brun 60(8), 119-126.
Kavoosi G, Rowshan V. 2013. Chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oil obtained from Ferula assa-foetida oleo-gum-resin: effect of collection time. Food Chemistry 138, 2180- 2187.
Kemper TW. 2012. The American Iris society. Missouri Botanical Garden, Missouri.
Lamote V, Roldán-Ruiz I, Coart E, De Loose M, Van Bockstaele E. 2002. A study of genetic variation in Iris pseudacorus populations using amplified fragment length polymorphisms (AFLPs). Aquatic Botany 73, 19– 31.
Lee SE, Hwang HJ, Ha JS, Jeong HS, Kim JH. 2003. Screening of medicinal plant extracts for antioxidant activity. Life Science 73(2), 167-179. https://doi:10.1016/S0024-3205(03)00259-5
Li Y, Kong D, Fh Y, Sussman M, Wu H. 2020. The effect of developmental and environmental factors on secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 148, 80-90.
Mohammadnejad Ganji SM, Moradi H, Ghanbari A, Akbarzadeh M. 2017. Quantity and quality of secondary metabolites in lavender plants under the influence of ecological factors. Nova Biologica Reperta 4, 166-172.
Mohsenpour M, Vafadar M, Meghani H, Vatankhah F. 2014. Effect of environmental conditions on the amounts of chemical compounds of essential oil in Mentha aquatica L. from different habitats of Mazandaran province. Journal of Plant Research 47, 37- 41.
Naghavi M, Ghareyazi B, Hosseini-Salekdeh G. 2007. Molecular markers. Tehran University Press, Tehran.
Naikoo MI, Dar MI, Raghib F, Jaleel H, Ahmad B, Raina A, Khan FA, Naushin F. 2019. Role and regulation of plant phenolics in abiotic stress tolerance: an overview. Plant Signaling Molecules 157-168.
Parida AK, Das AB. 2005. Salt tolerance and salinity effects on plants: a review. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 60, 324–349.
Rahimi V, Sadat-Hosseini Grouh M, Solymani A, Bahermand N, Meftahizade H. 2011. Assessment of cytological and morphological variation among Iranian native Iris species. African Journal of Biotechnology 10(44), 8805-8815.
Reynolds T. 2007. The evolution of chemosystematics. Phytochemistry 68, 887-2895.
Sarker U, Oba S. 2018. Augmentation of leaf color parameters, pigments, vitamins, phenolic acids, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity in selected Amaranthus tricolor under salinity stress. Scientific Reports 8, 12349.
Shao Q, Wang H, Guo H, Zhou A, Huang Y, Sun Y, Li M. 2014. Effects of shade treatments on photosynthetic characteristics, chloroplast ultrastructure, and physiology of Anoectochilus roxburghii. Plos One 9, 85996.
Shen J, Jiang YF, Liu BR, Zu CL. 2017. Effect of increased UV-B radiation on carotenoid accumulation and total antioxidant capacity in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) leaves. Genetic and Molecular Research 16(1), gmr16018438.
Singleton V, Orthofer R, Lamuela-Raventos R. 1999. Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of folin-ciocalteu reagent. Methods in Enzymology 299, 152-178.
Somjen D, Knoll E, Vaya J. 2004. Estrogen-like activity of licorice root constituents: glabridin and glabrene in vascular tissues in vitro and in vivo. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 91, 147- 155.
Takahashi S, Badger MR. 2011. Photoprotection in plants: a new light on photosystem II damage. Trends in Plant Science 16, 1-10.
Tarbeeva DV, Fedoreev AA, Veselova MV. 2015. Polyphenolic metabolites from Iris pseudacorus roots. Chemistry of Natural Compounds 51(3), 451-455. Telfer A. 2014. Singlet oxygen production by PSII under light stress: mechanism, detection and the protective role of β-carotene. Plant Cell Physiology 55(7), 1216– 1223.
Wagner GJ. 1979. Content and vacuole/extra vacuole distribution of neutral sugars, free amino acids, and anthocyanins in protoplasts. Plant Physiology 64, 88- 93.
Winkel-Shirley B. 2001. Flavonoid biosynthesis: a colorful model for genetics, biochemistry, cell biology, and biotechnology. Plant Physiology 126, 485–493.
Wróblewska A, Brzosko E, Czarnecka B, Nowosielski J. 2003. High levels of genetic diversity in populations of Iris aphylla L. (Iridaceae), an endangered species in Poland. Botanical Journal of Linnean Society 142, 65– 72.
Yavari A, Shahgolzari SM. 2016. Effect of some ecological factors on quality and quantity of effective ingredient of Stachys inflate in Touyserkan region. Journal of Agroecology 12(1),77-85.
Yavari AR, Nazeri V, Sefidkon F, Hassani ME. 2010. Evaluation of some ecological factors, morphological traits, and essential oil productivity of Thymus migricus Klokov & Desj.-Shost. Iran Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 26(2), 227-238.
Zhang S, Ma K, Chen L. 2003. Response of photosynthetic plasticity of Paeonia suffruticosa to changing light environments. Environmental and Experimental Botany 49(2),121-133.
)