Document Type : Research paper

Authors

1 Department of Horticultural Sciences, Aliabad Katoul Branch, Islamic Azad University, Aliabad katoul, Iran

2 Department of Horticultural Sciences, Garmsar Branch, Islamic Azad University, Garmsar, Iran

10.22059/ijhst.2022.341462.555

Abstract

The experiment was performed to study the effect of foliar application of citric acid on reducing the effects of drought stress on Calendula officinalis L., the effect of citric acid (0, 50 and 100 mg l-1) and different levels of drought (no stress: control, 25, 50 and 75% field capacity) was studied as a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replicates in 2018 in greenhouses in northern Iran. The foliar application was applied in three stages with an interval of about 20 days, including the six-leaf stage, full tillering and the appearance of the first bud. The results showed that drought stress and foliar application of CA significantly affected the parameters evaluated. The highest fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots, carotenoids, phenol and flavonoid were obtained in 75% FC + CA 50 mg l-1. The maximum plant height, root length and number of flowers were for control irrigation + CA 50 mg l-1 and the highest longevity of the flower on the plant, total carbohydrate, rutin and total antioxidant activity was observed in 75% FC + CA 100 mg l-1. In addition, treatment of control irrigation + CA 100 mg l-1 had the highest total chlorophyll and vitamin C and the 25% FC treatment had the highest proline content. In general, irrigation of pot marigolds with 75% FC and spraying with citric acid 100 mg l-1 had positive effects on plant growth and biochemical parameters

Keywords

Baghaee far Z, Ghdirpour Z, Chehregani Rad A. 2018. The study of development of generative organs in Calendula officinalis L.. Journal of Plant Research 31(2), 279-290.
Bettaieb I, Hamrouni-Sellami I, Bourgou S, Limam F, Marzouk B. 2011. Drought effects on polyphenol composition and antioxidant activities in aerial parts of Salvia officinalis L. Acta Physiologiae Plantarum 33 (4), 1103–1111.
Boligon A, da Silva Jesus R, Piana M, Faccim T, Brum D, Correa da Cruz R, Mossmann N, Linde Athayde M. 2015. Development and validation of an HPLC-DAD analysis for flavonoids in the gel of Scutia Buxifolia. Journal of Chromatographic Science 53, 1557–1561.
Chavoushi M, Najafi F, Asalimi A, Angajib, A. 2019. Effects of nitric oxide on reducing oxidative stress induced by drought in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Journal of Plant Research 32 (3), 686-697.
Da Silva J.A.T. 2003. The cutflower: postharvest considerations. Research Journal of Biological Sciences 3(4), 406–442.
Danaee E, Abdossi V. 2016. Evaluation of the effect of plant growth substances on longevity of gerbera cutflowers cv. Sorbet. Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology 7 (1), 1943-1947.
Danaee E, Abdossi, V. 2021. Effects of silicon and nanosilicon on some morphophysiological and phytochemical traits of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) under salinity stress. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research 37 (1), 98-112.
Eidyan B, Hadavi E, Moalemi N. 2014. Pre-harvest foliar application of iron sulfate and citric acid combined with urea fertigation affects growth and vase life of tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) ‘Por-Par’. Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology 55 (1), 9–13.
El-Tohamy W. A, El-Abagy H. M, Badr M. A, Gruda, N. 2013. Drought tolerance and water status of bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) as affected by citric acid application. Journal of Applied Botany and Food Quality 86, 212-216.
Farhoudi R, Lee D, Hussain M. 2014. Mild drought improves growth and flower oil productivity of German chamomile (Matricaria recutita L.). Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants 17 (1), 26-31.
Farzamisepehr M, Ghorbanli M, Tadji Z. 2021. Effect of drought stress on some growth parameters and several biochemical aspects in two pumpkin species. Iranian Journal of Plant Physiology 11 (3), 3731-3740.
Fayed T. A. 2010. Effect of some antioxidants on growth, yield, and bunch characteristics of Thompson seedless grapevine. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences 8(3), 322-328.
Gazim Z, Rezende C, Fraga S, Dias Filho B, Nakamura C, Cortez D. 2008. Analysis of the essential oils from Calendula officinalis growing in Brazil using three different extraction procedures. Brazilian Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 44, 391-395.
Hamidipour S. 2016. The effect of aminolevulinic acid on growth, essential oil content and antioxidant responses of peppermint under drought stress. M.Sc. thesis, Shahrekord University, Iran.
Hossaina Z, Kalam A, Mandala A, Kumar Dattaa S, Krishna Biswasb A. 2005. Decline in ascorbate peroxidase activity – a prerequisite factor for tepal senescence in gladiolus. Journal of Plant Physiology 163 (2), 186-194.
Hu L, Zhang Z, Xiang Z, Yang Z. 2016. Exogenous application of citric acid ameliorates the adverse effect of heat stress in tall fescue (Lolium arundinaceum). Frontiers in Plant Science 7, 179.
Idrees M, Khan M. M. A, Aftab T, Naeem M, Hashmi N. 2010. Salicylic acid induced physiological and biochemical changes in lemongrass varieties under water stress. Journal of Plant Interactions 5(4), 293- 303.
Irigoyen J. J, Emerich D. W, Sanchez- Dias M. 1992. Water stress induced changes in concentrations of proline and total soluble sugars in nodulated alfalfa (Medicago Sativa) plants. Plant Physiology 84, 55-60.
Jubany-Marí T, Munné-Bosch S, Alegre L. 2010. Redox regulation of water stress responses in field-grown plants. Role of hydrogen peroxide and ascorbate. Plant Physiology and Biochemistry 48 (5), 351-358.
Mahdavian K. 2022. Effect of salicylic acid and calcium chloride on lipid peroxidation and scavenging capacity of radical of red bean (Phaseolus calcaratus L.) under salt stress. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology 9(1) 55-72.
Malekshahi G, ValizadehKaji B. 2021. Effects of postharvest edible coatings to maintain qualitative properties and to extend shelf-life of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.). International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology 8(1), 67-80.
Minaei A, Hassani H, Nazemiyeh H, Besharat S. 2019. Effect of drought stress on some morphophysiological and phytochemical characteristics of oregano (Origanum vulgare L. ssp. gracile). Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research 35 (2), 252- 265.
Miri M. S, Ahmadi S, Moradi P. 2015. Influence of salicylic acid and citric acid on the growth, biochemical characteristics and essential oil content of thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.). Journal of Medicinal Plants 2, 141-1466.
Mujahid F, Shafaqat A, Rizwan M, Ali Q, Abbas F, Hussain Bukhari A. 2017. Citric acid assisted phyto extraction of chromium by sunflower; morpho-physiological and biochemical alterations in plants. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 145, 90-102.
Naseri Moghadam A, Bayat H, Aminifard M, Moradinezhad, F. 2019. Effect of drought and salinity stress on growth, flowering and biochemical characteristics of Narsicuss tazetta L. Journal of Horticultural Science 33(3), 451-466.
Pal M, Szalai G, Janda T. 2015. Polyamines are important in abiotic stress signaling. Plant Science 237, 16-23.
Parvaneh T, Afshari H, Naseri S. 2022. Effects of rootstock and scion interaction in providing nutrients and phenyl propanoid pathway products in two red flesh apple genotypes and red delicious cultivar. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology 9(3), 255-264.
Preciado-Rangel P, Gaucín-Delgado, J, Salas-Pérez L, Sánchez-Chávez, E, Mendoza-Vllarreal R, Ortiz, J. 2018. The effect of citric acid on the phenolic compounds, flavonoids and antioxidant capacity of wheat sprouts. Revista de la Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias 50, 119-127.
Salas-Pérez L, Monserrat Gaucín Delgado J, PreciadoRange P, Antonio Gonzales Fuentes J, Velia Ayala Garay A, Ángel Segura Castruita M. 2018. The application of citric acid increases the quality and antioxidant capacity of lentil sprouts. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Agrícolas 9 (20), 4301-4309.
Samee W, Vorarat S. 2007. Simultaneous determination of gallic acid, catechin, rutin, ellagic acid and quercetin in flower extracts of Michelia alba, Caesalpinia pulcherrima and Nelumbo nucifera by HPLC. Thai Pharmaceutical and Health Science Journal 2 (2), 131-137.
Seghatoleslami M, Moosavi S. 2008. Effect of sowing date and plant density on grain and flower yield of pot marigold (Calendula officinalis L.). Iranian Journal of Field Crops Research 6(2), 263-270.
Sharma S. P, Leskovar D. I, Crosby K. M, Volder A, Ibrahim A. M. H. 2014. Root growth, yield, and fruit quality responses of reticulatus and inodorus melons (Cucumis melo L.) to deficit subsurface drip irrigation. Agricultural Water Management 136, 75–85.
Sodaizadeh H, Shamsayi M, Tajamolian M, Mirmohammadi Meybodi A, Hakimzadeh M. 2016. The effect of drought stress on some morphological and physiological traits of Satureja hortensis. Plant Process and Function 5 (15), 1-11.
Soroori S, Danaee E, Hemmati Kh, Ladan Moghadam A. 2021b. Effect of foliar application of proline on morphological and physiological traits of Calendula officinalis L. under drought stress. Journal of Ornamental Plants 11 (1), 13-30.
Soroori S, Danaee E, Hemmati Kh, Ladan Moghadam A. 2021a. Evaluation of nutritional value and shelf life of marigold with the application of spermidine, citric acid and proline. Journal of Food Technology and Nutrition 18 (3), 89-102.
Sun Y, Hong S. 2011. Effects of citric acid as an important component of the responses to saline and alkaline stress in the halophyte Leymus chinensis (Trin.). Plant Growth Regulation 64(2), 129-139.
Talebi M, Hadavi E, Jaafari N. 2014. Foliar sprays of citric acid and malic acid modify growth, flowering, and root to shoot ratio of gazania (Gazania rigens L.): a comparative analysis by ANOVA and structural equations modeling. Advances in Agriculture 1-6.
Tian Z, Wang F, Zhang W, Liu CH, Zhao X. 2012. Antioxidant mechanism and lipid peroxidation patterns in leaves and petals of marigold in response to drought stress. Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology 53 (3), 183-192.
Toberman H, Evans C, Freeman C, Fenner N, White M, Emmett B, Artz R.R. 2008. Summer drought effects upon soil and litter extracellular phenol oxidase activity and soluble carbon release in an upland calluna heathland. Soil Biology and Biochemistry 40(6), 1519- 1532.
Turtola S, Manninen A, Rikala R, Kainulainen P. 2003. Drought stress alters the concentration of wood terpenoids in scots pine and Norway spruce seedling. Journal of Chemical Ecology 29 (9), 1981-1995.