Document Type : Research paper
Authors
1 Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
2 Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran Department of Horticultural Science, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
Abstract
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have a mutualistic relationship with a great number of plants. This can offer promising approaches to managing arid ecosystems. In the present study, the effects of native AMF inoculums were evaluated on morphological and physiological traits of Cercis siliquastrum and Prosopis cineraria seedlings under drought stress conditions. The study was carried out in two independent experiments as a full factorial design with two factors: AM fungal (non- AMF and AMF) and three levels of drought stress (80%, 50%, and 30% of field capacity). The results showed that shoot dry weight and root growth were reduced in response to an increase in drought stress levels on Prosopis cineraria. In C. siliquastrum, however, the shoot dry weight, root volume and root dry weight increased moderately as a result of AMF but decreased in response to severe drought stress. Native AMF inocula increased proline content by about two-fold, while also increasing root and shoot dry weight and root volume of the inoculated plants of both species. Drought stress increased proline content in both AMF plants and in uninoculated C. siliquastrum seedlings. The native AMF colonized the roots of C. siliquastrum and P. cineraria, by at least 80% and 70%, respectively, which was significantly higher than AMF from soils. Drought stress reduced catalase activity (CAT) in P. cineraria, but this was lower in inoculated plants than in uninoculated plants. In response to moderate and severe drought stress, ascorbic peroxidase (APX) activity increased by over 29 and 44%, respectively, compared to well-watered and inoculated P. cineraria seedlings. P. cineraria seedlings tolerated drought stress by both enzymatic and non-enzymatic ways, while C. siliquastrum accumulated osmotic solutes such as proline under drought stress. In conclusion, both species were recommended for xeriscaping purposes, although mesquite proved to be more reliable in adverse conditions.
Keywords
Abdelmalik AM, Alsharan TS, Al-Qarawi, AA, Ahmed AI, Aref IM. 2020. Response of growth and drought tolerance of Acacia seyal Del seedlings to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi Plant. Soil and Environment 66, 264–271. https://doiorg/1017221/206/2020-PSE.
Al-Arjani AF, Hashem A, Abd-Allah EF. 2020. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi modulates dynamics tolerance expression to mitigate drought stress in Ephedra foliata Boiss. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 27, 380–394. https://doiorg/101016/jsjbs201910008.
Alguacil M, Caravaca F, Díaz-Vivancos P, Hernández JA, Roldán A. 2006. Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizae and induced drought stress on antioxidant enzyme and nitrate reductase activities in Juniperus oxycedrus L. grown in a composted sewage sludge-amended semi-arid soil. Plant and Soil 279, 209. https://doiorg/101007/s11104-005-1238-3.
Anjum SA, Ashraf U, Tanveer M, Khan I, Hussain S, Shahzad B, Zohaib A, Abbas F, Muhammad F, Iftikhar S, Wang LC. 2017. Drought-induced changes in growth, osmolyte accumulation and antioxidant metabolism of three maize hybrids. Frontiers in Plant Science 8, 69. doi:103389/fpls201700069.
Ansley RJ, Boutton TW, Jacoby PW. 2007. Mesquite root distribution and water use efficiency in response to long-term soil moisture manipulations. USDA Forest Service RMRS-P-47.
Badri A, Stefani FO, Lachance G, Roy-Arcand L, Beaudet D, Vialle A, Hijri M. 2016. Molecular diagnostic toolkit for Rhizophagus irregularis isolate DAOM-197198 using quantitative PCR assay targeting the mitochondrial genome. Mycorrhiza 26, 721–733. https://doiorg/101007/s00572-016-0708-1.
Bahadur A, Batool A, Nasir F, Jiang S, Mingsen, Q, Zhang, Q, Pan, J, Liu, Y, Feng, H. 2019. Mechanistic insights into arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi-mediated drought stress tolerance in plants. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, 4199. doi: 103390/ijms20174199.
Bainard LD, Klironomos JN, Gordon AM. 2011. The mycorrhizal status and colonization of 26 tree species growing in urban and rural environments. Mycorrhiza 21, 91–96. doi: 101007/s00572-010-0314-6.
Barea JM, Palenzuela J, Cornejo P, Sanchez-Castro I, Navarro-Fernandez C, Lopez-Garcia A. 2011. Ecological and functional roles of mycorrhizas in semi-arid ecosystems of Southeast Spain. Journal of Arid Environments 75, 1292-1301. https://doiorg/101016/jjaridenv201106001.
Bates LR, Waldern P, Teare ID. 1973. Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studies. Plant and Soil 39, 205-207. https://doiorg/101007/BF00018060.
Berta G, Fusconi A, Trotta A, Scannerini S. 1990. Morphogenetic modifications induced by the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus strain E3 in the root system of Allium porrum L. New Phytologist 114, 207–215. https://doiorg/101111/j1469-81371990tb00392x.
Bever JD, Schultz PA, Pringle A, Morton J B. 2001. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: more diverse than meets meets the eye, and the ecological tale of why. Bioscience 51, 923–931.
Bienert GP, Moller AL, Kristiansen KA, Schulz A, Moller IM, Schjoerring JK, Jahn, T P. 2007. Specific aquaporins facilitate the diffusion of hydrogen peroxide across membranes. Journal of Biological Chemistry 282, 1183–1192. doi: 101074/jbcM603761200 Epub 2006 Nov 14.
Bradford MM. 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry 72, 248-254.
Brundrett M. 1991. Mycorrhizas in natural ecosystems. Adv Ecol Res 21, 171–313
Brunner I, Herzog C, Dawes MA, Arend M, Sperisen C. 2015. How tree roots respond to drought. Frontiers in Plant Science 6, 547.
Bruns HA, Croy, LI. 1985. Root volume and root dry weight measuring system for wheat cultivars. Cereal Research Communications 13, 177-183.
Cetin N, Mansuroglu S, Onac AK. 2018. Xeriscaping feasibility as an urban adaptation method for global warming: a case study from Turkey. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 27, 1009-1018 https://doiorg/1015244/pjoes/76678.
Chance B, Maehly AC. 1955. Assay of catalase and peroxidase. Method Enzymol 2, 764-775.
Chun SC, Paramasivan M, Chandrasekaran M. 2018. Proline accumulation influenced by osmotic stress in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiotic plants. Frontiers in Microbiology 9, 2525. doi: 103389/fmicb201802525.
Crossay T, Majorel C, Redecker D, Gensous S, Medevielle V, Durrieu G, Cavaloc Y, Amir H .2019. Is a mixture of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi better for plant growth than single-species inoculants?. Mycorrhiza 29, 325-339. https://doiorg/101007/s00572-019-00898-y.
Das K, Roychoudhury A. 2014. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and response of antioxidants as ROS-scavengers during environmental stress in plants. Frontiers in Environmental Science 2, 53. doi: 103389/fenvs201400053.
Zahedi, Sarcheshmehpour and Farahmand Int. J. Hort. Sci. Technol. 2022 9(4): 429-444
442
Emam T. 2016. Local soil, but not commercial AMF inoculum, increases native and non-native grass growth at a mine restoration site. Restoration Ecology 24, 35-44. https://doiorg/101111/rec12287.
Estrada B, Barea JM, Aroca R, Ruiz-Lozano JM. 2013. A native Glomus intraradices strain from a Mediterranean saline area exhibits salt tolerance and enhanced symbiotic efficiency with maize plants under salt stress conditions. Plant and Soil 366, 333–349. https://doiorg/101007/s11104-012-1409-y.
Fang XW, Turner NC, Palta JA, Yu MX, Gao TP, Li FM. 2014. The distribution of four Caragana species is related to their differential responses to drought stress. Plant Ecology 215, 133–142. https://doiorg/101007/s11258-013-0285-8.
Giordano CL, Guevara A, Boccalandro HE, Sartor C, Villagra PE. 2011. Water status, drought responses, and growth of Prosopis flexuosa trees with different access to the water table in a warm South American desert. Plant Ecology 212, 1123-1134. https://doiorg/101007/s11258-010-9892-9.
Griffin JJ, Ranney TG, Pharr DM. 2004. Heat and drought influence photosynthesis, water relations, and soluble carbohydrates of two ecotypes of redbud (Cercis canadensis). Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 129, 497–502. https://doiorg/1021273/JASHS12940497.
Hart MM, Reader RJ, Klironomos JN. 2001. Life-history strategies of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in relation to their successional dynamics. Mycologia 93, 1186-1194. https://doiorg/102307/3761678.
He JD, Zoua YN, Wua QS, Kuča K. 2019. Mycorrhizas enhance drought tolerance of trifoliate orange by enhancing activities and gene expression of antioxidant enzymes. Scientia Horticulturae 262, 108745. https://doiorg/101016/jscienta2019108745.
Heerden van PDR, de Villiers OT. 1996. Evaluation of proline accumulation as an indicator of drought tolerance in spring wheat cultivars South African. Journal of Plant and Soil 13, 17-21. https://doiorg/101080/02571862199610634368.
Herrera MA, Salamanca CP, Barea JM. 1993. Inoculation of woody legumes with selected arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Rhizobia to recover desertified Mediterranean ecosystems. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 59, 129-133.
Huang YM, Zou YN, Wu QS. 2017. Alleviation of drought stress by mycorrhizas is related to increased root H2O2 efflux in trifoliate orange. Scientific Reports 7, 42335. doi: 101038/srep42335.
Je SM, Kim SH, Woo SY. 2018. Responses of the photosynthetic apparatus of Abies koreana to drought under different light conditions. Ecological Research 33, 413-423. https://doiorg/101007/s11284-018-1561-9.
Johnson MB. 2016. Survival and performance of cultivated woody legume species in Yuma, Arizona Desert. Plants 31, 4-67.
Khalvati MA, Hu Y, Mozafar A, Schmidhalter U. 2005. Quantification of water uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphae and its significance for leaf growth, water relations, and gas exchange of barley subjected to drought stress. Journal Plant Biology 7, 706-712. 101055/s-2005-872893.
Koske RE, Gemma JN. 1989. A modified procedure for staining roots to detect VA mycorrhizas. Mycological Research 92, 486–505
Kumar D, Al Hassan M, Naranjo MA, Agrawal V, Boscaiu M, Vicente O. 2017. Effects of salinity and drought on growth, ionic relations, compatible solutes and activation of antioxidant systems in oleander (Nerium oleander L.). Plos One 18, e0185017. https://doiorg/101371/journalpone0185017.
Li J, Meng B, Chai H, Yang X, Song W, Li S, Lu A, Zhang T, Sun W. 2019. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alleviate drought stress in C3 (Leymus chinensis) and C4 (Hemarthria altissima) grasses via altering antioxidant enzyme activities and photosynthesis. Frontiers in Plant Science 10, 499. doi:103389/fpls201900499.
Li T, Hue YJ, Hao ZP, Li H, Wang YS, Chen BD. 2013. First cloning and characterization of two functional aquaporin genes from an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices. New Phytologist 197, 617–630. doi: 101111/nph12011.
Liu W, Kong H, Zhou J, Fritsch PW, Hao G. 2018. Complete chloroplast genome of Cercis chuniana (Fabaceae) with structural and genetic comparison to six species in Caesalpinioideae. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, 1286. doi: 103390/ijms19051286.
Lokhandwala A, Hoelsen JD. 2019. Priming by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of plant antioxidant enzyme protection: a meta-analysis. Annual Plant Reviews 2, 1069–1084. doi: 101002/9781119312994apr0680.
Lopez Lauenstein DA, Fernandez ME, Verga AR. 2013. Drought stress tolerance of Prosopis chilensis and Prosopis flexuosa species and their hybrids. Trees 27, 285–296. https://doiorg/101007/s00468-012-0798-0.
Marulanda A, Porcel R, Barea JM, Azcon R. 2007. Drought tolerance and antioxidant activities in lavender plants colonized by native drought-tolerant or drought-sensitive Glomus species. Microbial Ecology 54, 543. https://doiorg/101007/s00248-007-9237-y.
McGonigle TP, Miller MH, Evans DG, Fairchild GL, Swan JA. 1990. A new method which gives an objective measure of colonization of roots by vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol 115, 495–501.
Mittler R, Vanderauwera S, Gollery M, Van Breusegem F. 2004. Reactive oxygen gene network of plants. Trends in Plant Science 9, 490-498. doi: 101016/jtplants200408009.
More D, White J. 2003. Cassell’s Trees of Britain and Northern Europe (over 1800 Species and Cultivars) Cassell, Great Britain, London.
Nakano Y, Asada K. 1981. Hydrogen peroxide is
Zahedi, Sarcheshmehpour and Farahmand Int. J. Hort. Sci. Technol. 2022 9(4): 429-444
443
scavenged by ascorbate-specific peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts. Plant and Cell Physiology 22, 867-880. https://doiorg/101093/oxfordjournalspcpa076232.
Ogbaga CC, Stepien P, Johnson GN. 2014. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) varieties adopt strongly contrasting s trategies in response to drought. Physiologia Plantarum 152, 389–401. doi: 10.1111/ppl.12.
Olmez Z, Gokturk A,Temel F. 2007. Effects of some pretreatments on seed germination of nine different drought-tolerant shrubs. Seed Science and Technology 35, 75-87.
Paymaneh Z, Sarcheshmehpour M, Bukovská P, Jansa J. 2019. Could indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal communities be used to improve tolerance of pistachio to salinity and/or drought?. Symbiosis 79, 269–283. https://doiorg/101007/s13199-019-00645-z.
Porcel R, Ruiz-Lozano JM. 2004. Arbuscular mycorrhizal influence on leaf water potential, solute accumulation, and oxidative stress in soybean plants subjected to drought stress. Journal of Experimental Botany 55, 1743–1750. doi: 101093/jxb/erh188.
Pregitzer CC, Sonti NF, Hellet RA. 2016. Variability in urban soils influences the health and growth of native tree seedlings. Ecological Restoration 34, 106-116. https://doiorg/103368/er342106.
Rahman MS, Tsitoni TK, Tsakaldimi MN. 2013. A comparison of root architecture and shoot morphology of Cercis siliquastrum L. between tow water regimes. Panhellenic Forestry Congress 10.
Robredo A, Perez-Lopez U, Lacuesta M, Mena-Petite A, Munoz-Rueda A. 2010. Influence of water stress on photosynthetic characteristics in barley plants under ambient and elevated CO2 concentrations. Biologia Plantarum 54, 285–92. https://doiorg/101007/s10535-010-0050-y.
Ross T, Shackleton RT, Le Maitre DC, Pasiecznik NM, Richardson DM. 2014. Prosopis: a global assessment of the biogeography, benefits, impacts and management of one of the world’s worst woody invasive plant taxa AOB Plants www.aobplantsoxfordjournalsorg.
Schellenbaum L, Berta G, Ravolanirina F, Tisserant B, Gianinazzi S, Fitter AH. 1991. Influence of endomycorrhizal infection on root morphology in a micropropagated woody plant species (Vitis vinifera L.). Annals of Botany 68, 135–141.
Schuch UK, Kelly JJ. 2003. Mesquite and palo verde trees for the urban landscape. The University of California, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, cooperative Extension.
Schuch UK, Kelly JJ. 2007. Mesquite trees for the urban landscape Ardidus (Bulletin of The Desert Legume Program of the Boyce Thompson Southwestern Arboretum and The University of Arizona) 19, 2-8.
Séry DJ-M, Kouadjo ZGC, Voko BRR, Zézé A. 2016. Selecting native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to promote cassava growth and increase yield under field conditions. Frontiers in Microbiology 7, 2063. doi: 103389/fmicb201602063.
Smith SE, Read DJ. 2008. Mycorrhizal symbiosis Oxford, UK: Elsevier Science.
Spatafora JW, Chang Y, Benny GL, Lazarus K, Smith ME, Berbee ML, Bonito G, Corradi N, Grigoriev I, Gryganskyi A, James TY, O'Donnell K, Roberson RW, Taylor TN, Uehling J, Vilgalys R, White MM, Stajich JE. 2016. A phylum-level phylogenetic classification of zygomycete fungi based on genome-scale data. Mycologia 108, 1028–1046. https://doi.org/10.3852/16-042.
Sun H, Kopp K, Kjelgren R. 2012. Water-efficient urban landscapes: integrating different water use categorizations and plant types. HortScience 47, 254–263. https://doiorg/1021273/HORTSCI472254.
Sykorová Z, Wiemken A, Redecker D. 2007. Co-occurring Gentiana verna and Gentiana acaulis and their neighboring plants in two Swiss upper montane meadows harbor distinct arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, 5426–5434. doi: 101128/AEM00987-07.
Tajabadi Pour A, Sepaskhah A, Maftoun M. 2005. Plant water relations and seedling growth of three pistachio cultivars as influenced by irrigation frequency and applied potassium. Journal of Plant Nutrition 28, 1413-1425. https://doiorg/101081/PLN-200067497.
Teste FP, Jones MD, Dickie IA. 2020. Dual-mycorrhizal plants: their ecology and relevance. New Phytologist 225, 1835-1851. https://doiorg/101111/nph16190.
Time A, Garrido M, Acevedo E. 2018. Water relations and growth response to drought stress of Prosopis tamarugo Phil A review. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 18, 329-343. http://dxdoiorg/104067/S0718-95162018005001103.
Todea IM, Gonzalez-Orenga S, Boscaiu M, Plazas M, Sestras AF, Prohens J, Vicente O, Sestras RE. 2020. Responses to water deficit and salt stress in silver fir (Abies alba Mill) seedlings. Forests 11, 395. doi:103390/f11040395
Vilagrosa A, Chirino E, Peguero-Pina JJ, Barigah TS, Cochard H, Gil-Pelegrin E. 2012. “Xylem cavitation and embolism in plants living in water-limited ecosystems” in: Aroca R (Ed), Plant Responses to Drought Stress ©Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
Wang LY, Xiao Y, Rao EM, Jiang L, Xiao Y, Ouyang ZY. 2018. An assessment of the impact of urbanization on soil erosion in Inner Mongolia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, 550. doi: 103390/ijerph15030550.
Wang X, Cai X, Xu C, Wang Q, Dai S. 2016a. Drought-responsive mechanisms in plant leaves revealed by proteomics. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 17, 10. doi: 103390/ijms17101706
Wang Y, An Y, Yu J, Zhou Z, He S, Ru M, Cui B, Zhang Y, Han R, Liang Z. 2016b. Different responses of photosystem II and antioxidants to drought stress in two contrasting populations of Sour jujube from the Loess Plateau. China Ecological Research 31, 761-775. https://doiorg/101007/s11284-016-1384-5
Zahedi, Sarcheshmehpour and Farahmand Int. J. Hort. Sci. Technol. 2022 9(4): 429-444
444
Wu QS, Zou, YN, Xia RX, Wang MY. 2007. Five Glomus species affect water relations of Citrus tangerine during drought stress. Botanical Studies 48, 147-154.
Wu QS, Zou, YN. 2009. Mycorrhiza has a direct effect on reactive oxygen metabolism of drought-stressed citrus Plant, Soil Environment 55, 436-442. https://doiorg/1017221/61/2009-PSE
Xie MM, Wang Y, Li QS, Kuca K, Wu QS. 2020. A friendly-environmental strategy: application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to ornamental plants for plant growth and garden landscape. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 48, 1100-1115. doi: https://doiorg/1015835/nbha48312055.
Yoda K, Abd Elbasit M, Hoshino B, Nawata H, Yasuda H. 2012. Root system development of Prosopis seedlings under different soil moisture conditions. Journal of Arid Land 22, 13-16.
Zarei M, Paymaneh Z, Ronaghi A. 2016. The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and water stress on some antioxidant enzymes activities and nutrients uptake of two citrus rootstocks. Iran Agricultural Research 35, 19-26. 1022099/iar20163750.
Zarei M, Paymaneh Z. 2013. Effect of salinity and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth and some physiological parameters of Citrus jambheri. Archive of Agronomy Soil Science 60, 993-1004. https://doiorg/101080/036503402013853289
Zhang HS, Li G, Qin FF, Zhou MX, Qin P, Pan SM. 2014. Castor bean growth and rhizosphere soil property response to different proportions of arbuscular mycorrhizal and phosphate-solubilizing fungi. Ecological Research 29, 181-190. https://doiorg/101007/s11284-013-1109-y
Al-Arjani AF, Hashem A, Abd-Allah EF. 2020. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi modulates dynamics tolerance expression to mitigate drought stress in Ephedra foliata Boiss. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences 27, 380–394. https://doiorg/101016/jsjbs201910008.
Alguacil M, Caravaca F, Díaz-Vivancos P, Hernández JA, Roldán A. 2006. Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizae and induced drought stress on antioxidant enzyme and nitrate reductase activities in Juniperus oxycedrus L. grown in a composted sewage sludge-amended semi-arid soil. Plant and Soil 279, 209. https://doiorg/101007/s11104-005-1238-3.
Anjum SA, Ashraf U, Tanveer M, Khan I, Hussain S, Shahzad B, Zohaib A, Abbas F, Muhammad F, Iftikhar S, Wang LC. 2017. Drought-induced changes in growth, osmolyte accumulation and antioxidant metabolism of three maize hybrids. Frontiers in Plant Science 8, 69. doi:103389/fpls201700069.
Ansley RJ, Boutton TW, Jacoby PW. 2007. Mesquite root distribution and water use efficiency in response to long-term soil moisture manipulations. USDA Forest Service RMRS-P-47.
Badri A, Stefani FO, Lachance G, Roy-Arcand L, Beaudet D, Vialle A, Hijri M. 2016. Molecular diagnostic toolkit for Rhizophagus irregularis isolate DAOM-197198 using quantitative PCR assay targeting the mitochondrial genome. Mycorrhiza 26, 721–733. https://doiorg/101007/s00572-016-0708-1.
Bahadur A, Batool A, Nasir F, Jiang S, Mingsen, Q, Zhang, Q, Pan, J, Liu, Y, Feng, H. 2019. Mechanistic insights into arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi-mediated drought stress tolerance in plants. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, 4199. doi: 103390/ijms20174199.
Bainard LD, Klironomos JN, Gordon AM. 2011. The mycorrhizal status and colonization of 26 tree species growing in urban and rural environments. Mycorrhiza 21, 91–96. doi: 101007/s00572-010-0314-6.
Barea JM, Palenzuela J, Cornejo P, Sanchez-Castro I, Navarro-Fernandez C, Lopez-Garcia A. 2011. Ecological and functional roles of mycorrhizas in semi-arid ecosystems of Southeast Spain. Journal of Arid Environments 75, 1292-1301. https://doiorg/101016/jjaridenv201106001.
Bates LR, Waldern P, Teare ID. 1973. Rapid determination of free proline for water stress studies. Plant and Soil 39, 205-207. https://doiorg/101007/BF00018060.
Berta G, Fusconi A, Trotta A, Scannerini S. 1990. Morphogenetic modifications induced by the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus strain E3 in the root system of Allium porrum L. New Phytologist 114, 207–215. https://doiorg/101111/j1469-81371990tb00392x.
Bever JD, Schultz PA, Pringle A, Morton J B. 2001. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: more diverse than meets meets the eye, and the ecological tale of why. Bioscience 51, 923–931.
Bienert GP, Moller AL, Kristiansen KA, Schulz A, Moller IM, Schjoerring JK, Jahn, T P. 2007. Specific aquaporins facilitate the diffusion of hydrogen peroxide across membranes. Journal of Biological Chemistry 282, 1183–1192. doi: 101074/jbcM603761200 Epub 2006 Nov 14.
Bradford MM. 1976. A rapid and sensitive method for quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding. Analytical Biochemistry 72, 248-254.
Brundrett M. 1991. Mycorrhizas in natural ecosystems. Adv Ecol Res 21, 171–313
Brunner I, Herzog C, Dawes MA, Arend M, Sperisen C. 2015. How tree roots respond to drought. Frontiers in Plant Science 6, 547.
Bruns HA, Croy, LI. 1985. Root volume and root dry weight measuring system for wheat cultivars. Cereal Research Communications 13, 177-183.
Cetin N, Mansuroglu S, Onac AK. 2018. Xeriscaping feasibility as an urban adaptation method for global warming: a case study from Turkey. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies 27, 1009-1018 https://doiorg/1015244/pjoes/76678.
Chance B, Maehly AC. 1955. Assay of catalase and peroxidase. Method Enzymol 2, 764-775.
Chun SC, Paramasivan M, Chandrasekaran M. 2018. Proline accumulation influenced by osmotic stress in arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiotic plants. Frontiers in Microbiology 9, 2525. doi: 103389/fmicb201802525.
Crossay T, Majorel C, Redecker D, Gensous S, Medevielle V, Durrieu G, Cavaloc Y, Amir H .2019. Is a mixture of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi better for plant growth than single-species inoculants?. Mycorrhiza 29, 325-339. https://doiorg/101007/s00572-019-00898-y.
Das K, Roychoudhury A. 2014. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and response of antioxidants as ROS-scavengers during environmental stress in plants. Frontiers in Environmental Science 2, 53. doi: 103389/fenvs201400053.
Zahedi, Sarcheshmehpour and Farahmand Int. J. Hort. Sci. Technol. 2022 9(4): 429-444
442
Emam T. 2016. Local soil, but not commercial AMF inoculum, increases native and non-native grass growth at a mine restoration site. Restoration Ecology 24, 35-44. https://doiorg/101111/rec12287.
Estrada B, Barea JM, Aroca R, Ruiz-Lozano JM. 2013. A native Glomus intraradices strain from a Mediterranean saline area exhibits salt tolerance and enhanced symbiotic efficiency with maize plants under salt stress conditions. Plant and Soil 366, 333–349. https://doiorg/101007/s11104-012-1409-y.
Fang XW, Turner NC, Palta JA, Yu MX, Gao TP, Li FM. 2014. The distribution of four Caragana species is related to their differential responses to drought stress. Plant Ecology 215, 133–142. https://doiorg/101007/s11258-013-0285-8.
Giordano CL, Guevara A, Boccalandro HE, Sartor C, Villagra PE. 2011. Water status, drought responses, and growth of Prosopis flexuosa trees with different access to the water table in a warm South American desert. Plant Ecology 212, 1123-1134. https://doiorg/101007/s11258-010-9892-9.
Griffin JJ, Ranney TG, Pharr DM. 2004. Heat and drought influence photosynthesis, water relations, and soluble carbohydrates of two ecotypes of redbud (Cercis canadensis). Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science 129, 497–502. https://doiorg/1021273/JASHS12940497.
Hart MM, Reader RJ, Klironomos JN. 2001. Life-history strategies of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in relation to their successional dynamics. Mycologia 93, 1186-1194. https://doiorg/102307/3761678.
He JD, Zoua YN, Wua QS, Kuča K. 2019. Mycorrhizas enhance drought tolerance of trifoliate orange by enhancing activities and gene expression of antioxidant enzymes. Scientia Horticulturae 262, 108745. https://doiorg/101016/jscienta2019108745.
Heerden van PDR, de Villiers OT. 1996. Evaluation of proline accumulation as an indicator of drought tolerance in spring wheat cultivars South African. Journal of Plant and Soil 13, 17-21. https://doiorg/101080/02571862199610634368.
Herrera MA, Salamanca CP, Barea JM. 1993. Inoculation of woody legumes with selected arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and Rhizobia to recover desertified Mediterranean ecosystems. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 59, 129-133.
Huang YM, Zou YN, Wu QS. 2017. Alleviation of drought stress by mycorrhizas is related to increased root H2O2 efflux in trifoliate orange. Scientific Reports 7, 42335. doi: 101038/srep42335.
Je SM, Kim SH, Woo SY. 2018. Responses of the photosynthetic apparatus of Abies koreana to drought under different light conditions. Ecological Research 33, 413-423. https://doiorg/101007/s11284-018-1561-9.
Johnson MB. 2016. Survival and performance of cultivated woody legume species in Yuma, Arizona Desert. Plants 31, 4-67.
Khalvati MA, Hu Y, Mozafar A, Schmidhalter U. 2005. Quantification of water uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal hyphae and its significance for leaf growth, water relations, and gas exchange of barley subjected to drought stress. Journal Plant Biology 7, 706-712. 101055/s-2005-872893.
Koske RE, Gemma JN. 1989. A modified procedure for staining roots to detect VA mycorrhizas. Mycological Research 92, 486–505
Kumar D, Al Hassan M, Naranjo MA, Agrawal V, Boscaiu M, Vicente O. 2017. Effects of salinity and drought on growth, ionic relations, compatible solutes and activation of antioxidant systems in oleander (Nerium oleander L.). Plos One 18, e0185017. https://doiorg/101371/journalpone0185017.
Li J, Meng B, Chai H, Yang X, Song W, Li S, Lu A, Zhang T, Sun W. 2019. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi alleviate drought stress in C3 (Leymus chinensis) and C4 (Hemarthria altissima) grasses via altering antioxidant enzyme activities and photosynthesis. Frontiers in Plant Science 10, 499. doi:103389/fpls201900499.
Li T, Hue YJ, Hao ZP, Li H, Wang YS, Chen BD. 2013. First cloning and characterization of two functional aquaporin genes from an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices. New Phytologist 197, 617–630. doi: 101111/nph12011.
Liu W, Kong H, Zhou J, Fritsch PW, Hao G. 2018. Complete chloroplast genome of Cercis chuniana (Fabaceae) with structural and genetic comparison to six species in Caesalpinioideae. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 19, 1286. doi: 103390/ijms19051286.
Lokhandwala A, Hoelsen JD. 2019. Priming by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi of plant antioxidant enzyme protection: a meta-analysis. Annual Plant Reviews 2, 1069–1084. doi: 101002/9781119312994apr0680.
Lopez Lauenstein DA, Fernandez ME, Verga AR. 2013. Drought stress tolerance of Prosopis chilensis and Prosopis flexuosa species and their hybrids. Trees 27, 285–296. https://doiorg/101007/s00468-012-0798-0.
Marulanda A, Porcel R, Barea JM, Azcon R. 2007. Drought tolerance and antioxidant activities in lavender plants colonized by native drought-tolerant or drought-sensitive Glomus species. Microbial Ecology 54, 543. https://doiorg/101007/s00248-007-9237-y.
McGonigle TP, Miller MH, Evans DG, Fairchild GL, Swan JA. 1990. A new method which gives an objective measure of colonization of roots by vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. New Phytol 115, 495–501.
Mittler R, Vanderauwera S, Gollery M, Van Breusegem F. 2004. Reactive oxygen gene network of plants. Trends in Plant Science 9, 490-498. doi: 101016/jtplants200408009.
More D, White J. 2003. Cassell’s Trees of Britain and Northern Europe (over 1800 Species and Cultivars) Cassell, Great Britain, London.
Nakano Y, Asada K. 1981. Hydrogen peroxide is
Zahedi, Sarcheshmehpour and Farahmand Int. J. Hort. Sci. Technol. 2022 9(4): 429-444
443
scavenged by ascorbate-specific peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts. Plant and Cell Physiology 22, 867-880. https://doiorg/101093/oxfordjournalspcpa076232.
Ogbaga CC, Stepien P, Johnson GN. 2014. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) varieties adopt strongly contrasting s trategies in response to drought. Physiologia Plantarum 152, 389–401. doi: 10.1111/ppl.12.
Olmez Z, Gokturk A,Temel F. 2007. Effects of some pretreatments on seed germination of nine different drought-tolerant shrubs. Seed Science and Technology 35, 75-87.
Paymaneh Z, Sarcheshmehpour M, Bukovská P, Jansa J. 2019. Could indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal communities be used to improve tolerance of pistachio to salinity and/or drought?. Symbiosis 79, 269–283. https://doiorg/101007/s13199-019-00645-z.
Porcel R, Ruiz-Lozano JM. 2004. Arbuscular mycorrhizal influence on leaf water potential, solute accumulation, and oxidative stress in soybean plants subjected to drought stress. Journal of Experimental Botany 55, 1743–1750. doi: 101093/jxb/erh188.
Pregitzer CC, Sonti NF, Hellet RA. 2016. Variability in urban soils influences the health and growth of native tree seedlings. Ecological Restoration 34, 106-116. https://doiorg/103368/er342106.
Rahman MS, Tsitoni TK, Tsakaldimi MN. 2013. A comparison of root architecture and shoot morphology of Cercis siliquastrum L. between tow water regimes. Panhellenic Forestry Congress 10.
Robredo A, Perez-Lopez U, Lacuesta M, Mena-Petite A, Munoz-Rueda A. 2010. Influence of water stress on photosynthetic characteristics in barley plants under ambient and elevated CO2 concentrations. Biologia Plantarum 54, 285–92. https://doiorg/101007/s10535-010-0050-y.
Ross T, Shackleton RT, Le Maitre DC, Pasiecznik NM, Richardson DM. 2014. Prosopis: a global assessment of the biogeography, benefits, impacts and management of one of the world’s worst woody invasive plant taxa AOB Plants www.aobplantsoxfordjournalsorg.
Schellenbaum L, Berta G, Ravolanirina F, Tisserant B, Gianinazzi S, Fitter AH. 1991. Influence of endomycorrhizal infection on root morphology in a micropropagated woody plant species (Vitis vinifera L.). Annals of Botany 68, 135–141.
Schuch UK, Kelly JJ. 2003. Mesquite and palo verde trees for the urban landscape. The University of California, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, cooperative Extension.
Schuch UK, Kelly JJ. 2007. Mesquite trees for the urban landscape Ardidus (Bulletin of The Desert Legume Program of the Boyce Thompson Southwestern Arboretum and The University of Arizona) 19, 2-8.
Séry DJ-M, Kouadjo ZGC, Voko BRR, Zézé A. 2016. Selecting native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to promote cassava growth and increase yield under field conditions. Frontiers in Microbiology 7, 2063. doi: 103389/fmicb201602063.
Smith SE, Read DJ. 2008. Mycorrhizal symbiosis Oxford, UK: Elsevier Science.
Spatafora JW, Chang Y, Benny GL, Lazarus K, Smith ME, Berbee ML, Bonito G, Corradi N, Grigoriev I, Gryganskyi A, James TY, O'Donnell K, Roberson RW, Taylor TN, Uehling J, Vilgalys R, White MM, Stajich JE. 2016. A phylum-level phylogenetic classification of zygomycete fungi based on genome-scale data. Mycologia 108, 1028–1046. https://doi.org/10.3852/16-042.
Sun H, Kopp K, Kjelgren R. 2012. Water-efficient urban landscapes: integrating different water use categorizations and plant types. HortScience 47, 254–263. https://doiorg/1021273/HORTSCI472254.
Sykorová Z, Wiemken A, Redecker D. 2007. Co-occurring Gentiana verna and Gentiana acaulis and their neighboring plants in two Swiss upper montane meadows harbor distinct arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal communities. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, 5426–5434. doi: 101128/AEM00987-07.
Tajabadi Pour A, Sepaskhah A, Maftoun M. 2005. Plant water relations and seedling growth of three pistachio cultivars as influenced by irrigation frequency and applied potassium. Journal of Plant Nutrition 28, 1413-1425. https://doiorg/101081/PLN-200067497.
Teste FP, Jones MD, Dickie IA. 2020. Dual-mycorrhizal plants: their ecology and relevance. New Phytologist 225, 1835-1851. https://doiorg/101111/nph16190.
Time A, Garrido M, Acevedo E. 2018. Water relations and growth response to drought stress of Prosopis tamarugo Phil A review. Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 18, 329-343. http://dxdoiorg/104067/S0718-95162018005001103.
Todea IM, Gonzalez-Orenga S, Boscaiu M, Plazas M, Sestras AF, Prohens J, Vicente O, Sestras RE. 2020. Responses to water deficit and salt stress in silver fir (Abies alba Mill) seedlings. Forests 11, 395. doi:103390/f11040395
Vilagrosa A, Chirino E, Peguero-Pina JJ, Barigah TS, Cochard H, Gil-Pelegrin E. 2012. “Xylem cavitation and embolism in plants living in water-limited ecosystems” in: Aroca R (Ed), Plant Responses to Drought Stress ©Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
Wang LY, Xiao Y, Rao EM, Jiang L, Xiao Y, Ouyang ZY. 2018. An assessment of the impact of urbanization on soil erosion in Inner Mongolia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 15, 550. doi: 103390/ijerph15030550.
Wang X, Cai X, Xu C, Wang Q, Dai S. 2016a. Drought-responsive mechanisms in plant leaves revealed by proteomics. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 17, 10. doi: 103390/ijms17101706
Wang Y, An Y, Yu J, Zhou Z, He S, Ru M, Cui B, Zhang Y, Han R, Liang Z. 2016b. Different responses of photosystem II and antioxidants to drought stress in two contrasting populations of Sour jujube from the Loess Plateau. China Ecological Research 31, 761-775. https://doiorg/101007/s11284-016-1384-5
Zahedi, Sarcheshmehpour and Farahmand Int. J. Hort. Sci. Technol. 2022 9(4): 429-444
444
Wu QS, Zou, YN, Xia RX, Wang MY. 2007. Five Glomus species affect water relations of Citrus tangerine during drought stress. Botanical Studies 48, 147-154.
Wu QS, Zou, YN. 2009. Mycorrhiza has a direct effect on reactive oxygen metabolism of drought-stressed citrus Plant, Soil Environment 55, 436-442. https://doiorg/1017221/61/2009-PSE
Xie MM, Wang Y, Li QS, Kuca K, Wu QS. 2020. A friendly-environmental strategy: application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi to ornamental plants for plant growth and garden landscape. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 48, 1100-1115. doi: https://doiorg/1015835/nbha48312055.
Yoda K, Abd Elbasit M, Hoshino B, Nawata H, Yasuda H. 2012. Root system development of Prosopis seedlings under different soil moisture conditions. Journal of Arid Land 22, 13-16.
Zarei M, Paymaneh Z, Ronaghi A. 2016. The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus and water stress on some antioxidant enzymes activities and nutrients uptake of two citrus rootstocks. Iran Agricultural Research 35, 19-26. 1022099/iar20163750.
Zarei M, Paymaneh Z. 2013. Effect of salinity and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on growth and some physiological parameters of Citrus jambheri. Archive of Agronomy Soil Science 60, 993-1004. https://doiorg/101080/036503402013853289
Zhang HS, Li G, Qin FF, Zhou MX, Qin P, Pan SM. 2014. Castor bean growth and rhizosphere soil property response to different proportions of arbuscular mycorrhizal and phosphate-solubilizing fungi. Ecological Research 29, 181-190. https://doiorg/101007/s11284-013-1109-y
)