Document Type : Research paper
Authors
1 Department of Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University (TMU), Tehran, Iran
2 Department of Horticultural Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
The amount of active compounds of medicinal plants (e.g. essential oil) varies in different plant parts. Thus, it is important to harvest those parts containing the highest levels of active compounds. In the present study the effect of harvest height on quantity and quality of Hyssopus officinalis was investigated based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments included four harvest heights including 15, 25, 35, and 45 cm (in basipetal order) and the residual stalks. After measuring the essential oil, the component values analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Regarding essential oil content (% v/w), yield and dry matter of different heights, the 15 cm height had the highest amount of essential oil (1.02±0.01%) and the lowest yield (2.17±0.13 g/m2) and dry matter (213.72±15.32 g/m2). On the contrary, the 45 cm height had the lowest amount of essential oil (0.75±0.01%) and the highest yield (5.7±0.57 g/m2) and dry matter (757.52±63.5 g/m2). For all harvest heights, cis-pinocamphone (53.93-44.6%), β-pinene (15.33-12.5%) and trans-pinocamphone (12.2-8.17%) had the highest levels among the compounds of the essential oil. The findings obtained from present study revealed that, if the quality is the matter, the essential oil extracted from the top 15 cm had the highest quality and purity although it was less in quantity.
Keywords
2. Adzet T, Ponz R, Wolf E, Schulte E. 1992. Content and composition of M. officinalis oil in relation to leaf position and harvest time1. Planta Medica 58(06), 562-564.
3. Afsharypuor S, Asgary S, Lockwood G.B. 1996. Constituents of the essential oil of Achillea wilhelmsii from Iran. Planta Medica 62(01), 77-78.
4. Azadbakht M, Morteza-Semnani K, Khansari N. 2003. The essential oils composition of Achillea wilhelmsii C. Koch leaves and flowers. Journal of Medicinal Plants 2(6), 55-58.
5. Burt S. 2004. Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods—a review. International Journal of Food Microbiology 94(3), 223-253.
6. Cavanagh H.M.A, Wilkinson J.M. 2002. Biological activities of lavender essential oil. Phytotherapy Research 16(4), 301-308.
7. De Guzman C.C, Siemonsma J.S. 1999. Plant resources of South-East Asia no 13: spices (No. BOOK). Backhuys Publishers.
8. Dehghanzadeh N, Ketabchi S, Alizadeh A. 2012. Essential oil composition and antibacterial activity of Hyssopus officinalis L. grown in Iran. Asian. Journal of Biological Sciences 3(4), 767-771.
9. Demasi S, Caser M, Lonati M, Cioni P.L, Pistelli L, Najar B, Scariot V. 2018. Latitude and altitude influence secondary metabolite production in peripheral alpine populations of the Mediterranean species Lavandula angustifolia Mill. Frontiers in Plant Science 9, 983.
10. Džamić A.M, Soković M.D, Novaković M, Jadranin M, Ristić M.S, Tešević V, Marin P.D. 2013. Composition, antifungal and antioxidant properties of Hyssopus officinalis L. subsp. pilifer (Pant.) Murb. essential oil and deodorized extracts. Industrial Crops and Products 51, 401-407.
11. Ebadi M.T, Sefidkon F, Azizi M, Ahmadi N. 2017. Packaging methods and storage duration affect essential oil content and composition of lemon verbena (Lippia citriodora Kunth.). Food Science & Nutrition 5(3), 588-595.
12. Etehadpour M, Tavassolian I. 2019. Ecological Factors Regulate Essential Oil Yield, Percent and Compositions of Endemic Yarrow (Achillea eriophora DC.) in Southeast Iran. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology 6(2), 201-215.
13. European Pharmacopoeia. 2004. 2.8.12 Council of Europe, fifth ed. Strasbourg, Cedex, France, pp. 217–218.
14. Fallah A, Hosseini Cici S. 2020. Alteration in Essential Oil Yield and Compositions of Multi-Cut Dracocephalum polychaetum Grown under Different Fertilization Methods. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology 7(1), 13-26.
15. Farmanpour-Kalalagh K, Mohebodini M, Sabaghnia N. 2020. Comparison and Correlation of the Compositions in Volatile Constituents from Different Parts of Summer Savory (Satureja hortensis L.). International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology 7(3), 295-304.
16. Ghani A, Azizi M, Hassanzadeh-Khayyat M, Pahlavanpour A.A. 2008. Essential oil composition of Achillea eriophora, A. nobilis, A.
Ali Saebi et al. Int. J. Hort. Sci. Technol. 2021 8(3): 271-284
283
biebersteinii and A. wilhelmsii from Iran. Journal of Essential Oil-Bearing Plants 11(5), 460-467.
17. Ghasemi Pirbalouti A. 2017. Chemical composition of the essential oils from the leaves and flowers of two Achillea species from Iran. Journal of Essential Oil-Bearing Plants, 20(1), 205-214.
18. Giuliani C, Maggi F, Papa F, Maleci Bini L. 2013. Congruence of phytochemical and morphological profiles along an altitudinal gradient in Origanum vulgare ssp. vulgare from Venetian Region (NE Italy). Chemistry & biodiversity 10(4), 569-583.
19. Gollapudi S, Sharma H.A, Aggarwal S, Byers L.D, Ensley H.E, Gupta S.1995. Isolation of a previously unidentified polysaccharide (MAR-10) from Hyssop officinalis that exhibits strong activity against human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Biochemical and Biophysical Research communications 210(1), 145-151.
20. Govahi M, Ghalavand A, Nadjafi F, Sorooshzadeh A. 2015. Comparing different soil fertility systems in Sage (Salvia officinalis) under water deficiency. Industrial Crops and Products 74, 20-27.
21. Hefendehl F.W. 1970. Zusammensetzung des ätherischen Öls von Melissa officinalis L. und Sekundäre veränderungen der Ölkomposition. Archiv der Pharmazie 303(4), 345-357.
22. Holopainen J.K, Himanen S.J, Yuan J.S, Chen F, Stewart C.N. 2013. Ecological functions of terpenoids in changing climates. Natural Products: Phytochemistry, Botany and Metabolism of Alkaloids, Phenolics and Terpenes, 2913-2940.
23. Hose S, Zänglein A, Van den Berg T, Schultze W, Kubeczka K.H, Czygan F.C. 1997. Ontogenetic variation of the essential leaf oil of Melissa officinalis L. Pharmazie 52(3), 247-253.
24. Jangi F, Ebadi M, Ayyari M. 2019. Evaluation of qualitative characteristics of hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) in infrared drying. Iranian Journal of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research 35(5), 876-887.
25. Jankovský M, Landa T. 2002. Genus Hyssopus L. Recent knowledge. Horticultural Science (Prague), 29(3), 119-123.
26. Khan R, Shawl A.S, Tantry M.A. 2012. Determination and seasonal variation of chemical constituents of essential oil of Hyssopus officinalis growing in Kashmir valley as
incorporated species of Western Himalaya. Chemistry of Natural Compounds 48(3), 502-505.
27. Kizil S, Toncer O, Ipek A, Arslan N, Saglam S, Mahmood Khawar K. 2008. Blooming stages of Turkish hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) affect essential oil composition. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica Section B–Soil and Plant Science 58(3), 273-279.
28. Kreis W, Kaplan M.H, Freeman J, Sun D.K, Sarin P.S. 1990. Inhibition of HIV replication by Hyssop officinalis extracts. Antiviral Research 14(6), 323-337.
29. Lawless J. 2002. The Encyclopedia of Essential Oils. Thorsons, 110-11.
30. Mazzanti G, Battinelli L, Salvatore G. 1998. Antimicrobial properties of the linalol‐rich essential oil of Hyssopus officinalis L. var decumbens (Lamiaceae). Flavour and Fragrance Journal 13(5), 289-294.
31. Mighri H, Akrout A, Casanova J, Tomi F.b, Neffati M. 2009. Impact of season and harvest frequency on biomass and essential oil yields of Artemisia herba-alba cultivated in southern Tunisia. Experimental Agriculture 45(4), 499-508.
32. Misra A, Sharma S. 1991. Critical concentration of iron in relation to essential oil yield and quality parameters of Japanese mint. Soil Science and Plant Nutrition 37(2), 185-190.
33. Mitić V, Đorđević S. 2000. Essential oil composition of Hyssopus officinalis L. cultivated in Serbia. Facta universitatis-series: Physics, Chemistry and Technology 2(2), 105-108.
34. Mrlianová M, Tekel’ová D, Felklová M, Reinöhl V, Tóth J. 2002. The influence of the harvest cut height on the quality of the herbal drugs Melissae folium and Melissae herba. Planta Medica 68(02), 178-180.
35. Özer H, Şahin F, Kılıç H, Güllüce M. 2005. Essential oil composition of Hyssopus officinalis L. subsp. angustifolius (Bieb.) Arcangeli from Turkey. Flavour and Fragrance Journal 20(1), 42-44.
36. Oztekin S, Martinov M. 2014. Medicinal and Aromatic Crops: Harvesting, Drying, and Processing. CRC Press, New York.
37. Saebi A, Minaei S, Mahdavian A.R, Ebadi M.T. 2020. Precision Harvesting of Medicinal Plants: Elements and Ash Content of Hyssop (Hyssopus
Ali Saebi et al. Int. J. Hort. Sci. Technol. 2021 8(3): 271-284
284
officinalis L.) as Affected by Harvest Height. Biological Trace Element Research.
38. Said-Al Ahl H.A, Abbas Z.K, Sabra A.S, Tkachenko K.G. 2015. Essential oil composition of Hyssopus officinalis L. cultivated in Egypt. International Journal of Plant Sciences 1, 49-53.
39. Schultze W, Hose S, Abou-Mandour A, Czygan F.C. 1993. Melissa officinalis L. (Lemon balm): In vitro culture and the production and analysis of volatile compounds. In Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (pp. 242-268). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
40. Turkmenoglu F, Agar O, Akaydin G, Hayran M, Demirci B. 2015. Characterization of volatile compounds of eleven Achillea species from Turkey and biological activities of essential oil and methanol extract of A. hamzaoglui Arabacı & Budak. Molecules 20(6), 11432-11458.
41. Wesolowska A, Jadczak D.O.R.O.T.A, Grzeszczuk M.O.N.I.K.A. 2010. Essential oil composition of hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis L.) cultivated in north-western Poland. Herba Polonica 56(1), 57-65.
42. Wiley Registry of Mass Spectral Data, With NIST Spectral Data CD Rom. 1998. 7th ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York.
43. Wolski T, Baj T, Kwiatkowski S. 2006. Hyzop lekarski (Hyssopus officinalis L.) zapomniana roslina lecznicza, przyprawowa oraz miododajna. Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska. Sectio DD: Medicina Veterinaria 61, 1-10.
44. Zutic I, Putievsky E, Dudai N. 2004. Influence of harvest dynamics and cut height on yield components of sage (Salvia officinalis L.). Journal of Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants 10(4), 49-61.
)