Document Type : Research paper
Authors
Department of Horticultural Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
Abstract
Cadaman Avimag rootstock is widely used for almonds and peaches. The purpose of this study
was to investigate the effect of light quality on micropropagation, and some morphological and
physiological properties of this rootstock. Single node explants were cultured on WPM and MS
media containing three levels of BA (0, 1 and 2 mg L-1) and three levels of NAA (0, 0.05 and
0.1 mg L-1). WPM medium containing 2 mg L-1 BA and 0.1 mg L-1 NAA was selected for
different light quality treatments including fluorescent, red, and red+blue lights. Results showed
that light quality had a significant effect on shoot proliferation, length and diameter, node
number, shoot fresh and dry weights, leaf thickness, stomata number, and chlorophyll
concentration. Red light resulted in higher shoot diameter, but crunchiness and lack of proper
shoot growth. Moreover, red light produced the lowest amount of chlorophyll in the explants.
Leaf thickness and its structural layers under the red light were the lowest among different
treatments. Combined red+blue light in many factors resembled fluorescent light but induced
more chlorophyll and a larger stomata size. The quality of light influenced the growth of this
rootstock in vitro, and affected the stem and leaf vegetative traits.
Keywords
Aliniaeifard S, Seif M, Arab M, Zare Mehrjerdi M, Li T, Lastochkina O. 2018. Growth and photosynthetic performance of Calendula officinalis under monochromatic red light. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology 5, 123-132.
2. Appelgren M. 1991. Effects of light quality on stem elongation of Pelargonium in vitro. Scientia Horticulturae, 45(3), 345-351.
3. Ashdown I. 2019. Photometry and Photosynthesis, SunTracker Technologies Ltd.
https://www.allthingslighting.org/index.php/2019/02/15/photometry-and-photosynthesis/.
4. Basile B, DeJong TM. 2019. Control of Fruit Tree Vigor Induced by Dwarfing Rootstocks. (pp 39-96). In: Warrington I. (Ed), Horticultural Review, Vol 48. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
5. Borkowska B, Balla I, Szucs E, Michaczuk B. 2008. Evaluation of the response of micropropagated peach rootstock Cadaman and cv. Cresthaven to mycorrhization using chlorophyll a fluorescence method. Journal of Fruit and Ornamental Plant Research, 16, 243-260.
6. Bourget CM. 2008. An introduction to light-emitting diodes. HortScience, 43(7), 1944-1946.
7. Bussi C, Besset J, Girard T. 2002. Effects of peach or hybrid rootstocks on growth and cropping of two cultivars of peach trees (Emeraude and Zephyr). Fruits, 57(4), 249-255.
8. Casson SA, Hetherington AM. 2014. phytochrome B is required for light-mediated systemic control of stomatal development. Current Biology, 24(11), 1216-1221.
9. Chen XL, Guo WZ, Xue XZ, Wang LC, Qiao XJ. 2014. Growth and quality responses of ‘Green Oak Leaf’lettuce as affected by monochromic or mixed radiation provided by fluorescent lamp (FL) and light-emitting diode (LED). Scientia Horticulturae, 172, 168-175.
10. Choi HG, Moon BY, Kang NJ. 2015. Effects of LED light on the production of strawberry during cultivation in a plastic greenhouse and in a growth chamber. Scientia Horticulturae, 189, 22-31.
11. Choudhary R, Chaudhury R, Malik SK, Sharma KC. 2015. An efficient regeneration and rapid micropropagation protocol for Almond using dormant axillary buds as explants. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 53(7), 462-467.
12. Couto M, Oliveira RPD, Fortes GRDL. 2004. In vitro multiplication of 'Barrier' and 'Cadaman' Prunus sp. rootstocks. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, 26(1), 5-7.
13. Dejampour J, Aghajani F, Motallebi-Azar A, Fathi H. 2017. Effect of different auxin and cytokinin concentrations, basal medium and light quality on shoot induction using callus of leaf segments in peach × almond hybrid, HS314. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 18 (4), 329 – 342. (In Farsi with abstract in English).
14. Ding Y, He S, da Silva JAT, Li G, Tanaka M. 2010. Effects of a new light source (cold cathode fluorescent lamps) on the growth of tree peony plantlets in vitro. Scientia Horticulturae, 125(2), 167-169.
15. Fan XX, Xu ZG, Liu XY, Tang CM, Wang LW, Han XL. 2013. Effects of light intensity on the growth and leaf development of young tomato plants grown under a combination of red and blue light. Scientia Horticulturae, 153, 50-55.
16. Font i Forcada C, Gogorcena Y, Moreno MA. 2009. Effect of almond × peach hybrid rootstocks on fruit quality parameters and yield characteristics of peach cultivars. Acta Horticulturae, 962, 599-603.
17. Font i Forcada, C., Gogorcena, Y., and Moreno, M. Á. 2012. Agronomical and fruit quality traits of two peach cultivars on peach-almond hybrid rootstocks growing on Mediterranean conditions. Scientia Horticulturae, 140, 157-163.
18. Fuernkranz HA, Nowak CA, Maynard CA. 1990. Light effects on in vitro adventitious root formation in axillary shoots of mature Prunus serotina. Physiologia Plantarum, 80(3), 337-341.
19. Fukuda N, Ajima C, Yukawa T, Olsen JE. 2016. Antagonistic action of blue and red light on shoot elongation in petunia depends on gibberellin, but the effects on flowering are not generally linked to gibberellin. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 121, 102-111.
20. Gu A, Liu W, Ma C, Cui J, Henny RJ, Chen J. 2012. Regeneration of Anthurium andraeanum from leaf explants and evaluation of microcutting rooting and growth under different light qualities. HortScience, 47(1), 88-92.
21. Gurel S, Gulsen Y. 1998. The effects of IBA and BAP on in vitro shoot production of almond (Amygdalus communis L.). Turkish Journal of Botany, 22(6), 375-380.
22. Hahn EJ, Kozai T, Paek KY, 2000. Blue and red light-emitting diodes with or without sucrose and ventilation affect in vitro growth of Rehmannia glutinosa plantlets. Journal of Plant Biology, 43, 247–250.
64 Int. J. Hort. Sci. Technol; Vol. 8, No. 1; March 2021
23. Heo J, Lee C, Chakrabarty D, Paek KY, 2002. Growth responses of marigold and salvia bedding plants as affected by monochromic or mixture radiation provided by a light-emitting diode (LED). Plant Growth Regulators, 38: 225–230.
24. Hernández R, Kubota C. 2014. Growth and morphological response of cucumber seedlings to supplemental red and blue photon flux ratios under varied solar daily light integrals. Scientia Horticulturae, 173, 92-99.
25. Hernández R, Kubota C. 2015. Physiological, morphological, and energy-use efficiency comparisons of LED and HPS supplemental lighting for cucumber transplant production. HortScience, 50(3), 351-357.
26. Hernández-Dorrego A, Pinochet J, Calvet C. 1999. Growth response of peach and plum rootstocks infected with Pratylenchus vulnus in microplots. Journal of Nematology, 31(4S), 656.
27. Hogewoning SW, Trouwborst G, Maljaars H, Poorter H, van Ieperen W, Harbinson J. 2010. Blue light dose–responses of leaf photosynthesis, morphology, and chemical composition of Cucumis sativus grown under different combinations of red and blue light. Journal of Experimental Botany, 61(11), 3107-3117.
28. Hosseini A, Zare Mehrjerdi M, Aliniaeifard S, Seif M. 2019. Photosynthetic and growth responses of green and purple basil plants under different spectral compositions. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants 25, 741-752.
29. Huché-Thélier L, Crespel L, Le Gourrierec J, Morel P, Sakr S, Leduc N. 2016. Light signaling and plant responses to blue and UV radiations-Perspectives for applications in horticulture. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 121, 22-38.
30. Iacona C, Muleo R. 2010. Light quality affects in vitro adventitious rooting and ex vitro performance of cherry rootstock Colt. Scientia Horticulturae, 125(4), 630-636.
31. Isikalan Ç, Akbas FA, Namli S, Tilkat E, Basaran D. 2008. In vitro micropropagation of almond (Amygdalus communis L. cv. Nonpareil). African Journal of Biotechnology, 7(12), 1875-1880.
32. Kim SJ, Hahn EJ, Heo JW, Paek KY. 2004. Effects of LEDs on net photosynthetic rate, growth and leaf stomata of chrysanthemum plantlets in vitro. Scientia Horticulturae, 101(1), 143-151.
33. Li H, Tang, C, Xu Z. 2013. The effects of different light qualities on rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) plantlet growth and morphogenesis in vitro. Scientia Horticulturae, 150, 117-124.
34. Lian ML, Murthy HN, Paek KY. 2002. Effects of light emitting diodes (LEDs) on the in vitro induction and growth of bulblets of Lilium oriental hybrid Pesaro. Scientia Horticulturae, 94(3), 365-370.
35. Lin KH, Huang MY, Huang WD, Hsu MH, Yang ZW, Yang CM. 2013. The effects of red, blue, and white light-emitting diodes on the growth, development, and edible quality of hydroponically grown lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Capitata). Scientia Horticulturae, 150, 86-91.
36. Liu M, Xu Z, Guo S, Tang C, Liu X, Jao X. 2014. Evaluation of leaf morphology, structure and biochemical substance of balloon flower plantlets in vitro under different light spectra. Scientia Horticulturae, 174, 112-118.
37. Lloyd G, McCown B. 1980. Commercially-feasible micropropagation of mountain laurel, Kalmia latifolia, by use of shoot-tip culture. International Plant Propagators Society Proceeding, 30, 421-427.
38. Macedo AF, Leal-Costa MV, Tavares ES, Lage CLS, Esquibel M A. 2011. The effect of light quality on leaf production and development of in vitro-cultured plants of Alternanthera brasiliana Kuntze. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 70(1), 43-50.
39. Massa GD, Kim HH, Wheeler RM, Mitchell CA. 2008. Plant productivity in response to LED lighting. HortScience, 43(7), 1951-1956.
40. Miler N, Kulus D, Woźny A, Rymarz D, Hajzer M, Wierzbowski K, Nelke R, Szeffs L. 2019. Application of wide-spectrum light-emitting diodes in micropropagation of popular ornamental plant species: a study on plant quality and cost reduction. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology – Plant, 55, 99–108.
41. Moradnezhad M, Hosseini R, Zarrabi M, Golmohammadi F. 2017. A new approach for olive (Arbequina cv.) micropropagation: Effect of dikegulac, light and carbon source. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 4(1), 79-87.
42. Mousavifattah SM, Sarikhani H. 2016. Influence of light quality and some growth regulators on in vitro shoot proliferation and rooting of pear rootstock OH×F333. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science, 47(1), 45-54. (In Farsi with abstract in English)
Effect of Light Quality on Micropropagation and Some Morphological Properties of … 65
43. Muleo R, Morini S, Casano, S. 2001. Photoregulation of growth and branching of plum shoots: physiological action of two photosystems. In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology-Plant, 37(5), 609-617.
44. Muleo R, Morini S. 2006. Light quality regulates shoot cluster growth and development of MM106 apple genotype in in vitro culture. Scientia Horticulturae, 108(4), 364-370.
45. Muleo R, Morini S. 2008. Physiological dissection of blue and red light regulation of apical dominance and branching in M9 apple rootstock growing in vitro. Journal of Plant Physiology, 165(17): 1838-1846.
46. Murashige T, Skoog F. 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bio assays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiologia Plantarum. 15(3), 473-497.
47. Nelson JA, Bugbee B. 2013. Supplemental greenhouse lighting: Return on Investment for LED and HPS fixtures. Controlled Environments. Paper 2. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cpl_env/2
48. Orazem P, Stampar F, Hudina M. 2011. Quality analysis of Redhaven peach fruit grafted on 11 rootstocks of different genetic origin in a replant soil. Food Chemistry. 124(4) 1691-1698.
49. Papafotiou M, Martini AN. 2009. Effect of position and orientation of leaflet explants with respect to plant growth regulators on micropropagation of Zamioculcas zamiifolia Engl.(ZZ). Scientia Horticulturae, 120(1), 115-120.
50. Pierik RLM. 1997. In vitro culture of higher plants. Springer Science and Business Media.
51. Pimputkar S, Speck, JS, DenBaars SP, Nakamura S. 2009. Prospects for LED lighting. Nature Photonics, 3(4), 180-182.
52. Pinochet J, Aglès M, Dalmau E, Fernández C, Felipe A. 1996. Prunus rootstock evaluation to root-knot and lesion nematodes in Spain. Journal of Nematology, 28(4S), 616.
53. Polák J, Oukropec I. 2010. Identification of interspecific peach and Prunus sp. hybrids resistant to Plum pox virus infection. Plant Protection Science, 46(4), 139-144.
54. Rajapakse NC, Shahak Y. 2008. Light-quality manipulation by horticulture industry. Annual Plant Reviews, Light and Plant Development, 30, 290.
55. Royer DL. 2001. Stomatal density and stomatal index as indicators of paleoatmospheric CO2 concentration. Review of Palaeobotany Palynology, 114, 1–28.
56. Ruzin SE. 1999. Plant Microtechnique and Microscopy. Oxford University Press. NY, USA. 336 p.
57. Salava J, Polak J, Oukropec I. 2013. Evaluation of the Prunus interspecific progenies for resistance to Plum pox virus. Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding, 49(2), 65-69.
58. Samuolienė G, Brazaitytė A, Urbonavičiūtė A, Šabajevienė G, Duchovskis P. 2010. The effect of red and blue light component on the growth and development of frigo strawberries. Zemdirbyste-Agriculture, 97(2), 99-104.
59. Sarikhani H, Valipour M, Chehregani A. 2014. Fruit growth and patterns of lignification in the seeds of four Iranian pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cultivars. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 89, 268-272.
60. Savvides A, Fanourakis D, van Ieperen W. 2012. Co-ordination of hydraulic and stomatal conductances across light qualities in cucumber leaves. Journal of Experimental Botany, 63(3), 1135-1143.
61. Sayed SS, Gabr AMM, Amin MA, Taha LS. 2020. Biochemical characterization of micropropagated Ceratonia siliqua L. under effect of growth regulators and light quality. Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 44, 26.
62. Smith HL, Mcausland L, Murchie EH. 2017. Don’t ignore the green light: exploring diverse roles in plant processes. Journal of Experimental Botany, 68, 2099-2110,
63. Taiz L, Zeiger E, Møller IM, Murphy A. 2015. Plant physiology. 6th ed. Sinauer Associates Inc., Massachusetts, 761 p.
64. van Ieperen W, Savvides A. Fanourakis D. 2012. Red and blue light effects during growth on hydraulic and stomatal conductance in leaves of young cucumber plants. Acta Horticulturae, 956, 223-230.
65. Wang X.Y, Xu XM, Cui J. 2015. The importance of blue light for leaf area expansion, development of photosynthetic apparatus, and chloroplast ultrastructure of Cucumis sativus grown under weak light. Photosynthetica, 53(2), 213-222.
2. Appelgren M. 1991. Effects of light quality on stem elongation of Pelargonium in vitro. Scientia Horticulturae, 45(3), 345-351.
3. Ashdown I. 2019. Photometry and Photosynthesis, SunTracker Technologies Ltd.
https://www.allthingslighting.org/index.php/2019/02/15/photometry-and-photosynthesis/.
4. Basile B, DeJong TM. 2019. Control of Fruit Tree Vigor Induced by Dwarfing Rootstocks. (pp 39-96). In: Warrington I. (Ed), Horticultural Review, Vol 48. John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
5. Borkowska B, Balla I, Szucs E, Michaczuk B. 2008. Evaluation of the response of micropropagated peach rootstock Cadaman and cv. Cresthaven to mycorrhization using chlorophyll a fluorescence method. Journal of Fruit and Ornamental Plant Research, 16, 243-260.
6. Bourget CM. 2008. An introduction to light-emitting diodes. HortScience, 43(7), 1944-1946.
7. Bussi C, Besset J, Girard T. 2002. Effects of peach or hybrid rootstocks on growth and cropping of two cultivars of peach trees (Emeraude and Zephyr). Fruits, 57(4), 249-255.
8. Casson SA, Hetherington AM. 2014. phytochrome B is required for light-mediated systemic control of stomatal development. Current Biology, 24(11), 1216-1221.
9. Chen XL, Guo WZ, Xue XZ, Wang LC, Qiao XJ. 2014. Growth and quality responses of ‘Green Oak Leaf’lettuce as affected by monochromic or mixed radiation provided by fluorescent lamp (FL) and light-emitting diode (LED). Scientia Horticulturae, 172, 168-175.
10. Choi HG, Moon BY, Kang NJ. 2015. Effects of LED light on the production of strawberry during cultivation in a plastic greenhouse and in a growth chamber. Scientia Horticulturae, 189, 22-31.
11. Choudhary R, Chaudhury R, Malik SK, Sharma KC. 2015. An efficient regeneration and rapid micropropagation protocol for Almond using dormant axillary buds as explants. Indian Journal of Experimental Biology 53(7), 462-467.
12. Couto M, Oliveira RPD, Fortes GRDL. 2004. In vitro multiplication of 'Barrier' and 'Cadaman' Prunus sp. rootstocks. Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, 26(1), 5-7.
13. Dejampour J, Aghajani F, Motallebi-Azar A, Fathi H. 2017. Effect of different auxin and cytokinin concentrations, basal medium and light quality on shoot induction using callus of leaf segments in peach × almond hybrid, HS314. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 18 (4), 329 – 342. (In Farsi with abstract in English).
14. Ding Y, He S, da Silva JAT, Li G, Tanaka M. 2010. Effects of a new light source (cold cathode fluorescent lamps) on the growth of tree peony plantlets in vitro. Scientia Horticulturae, 125(2), 167-169.
15. Fan XX, Xu ZG, Liu XY, Tang CM, Wang LW, Han XL. 2013. Effects of light intensity on the growth and leaf development of young tomato plants grown under a combination of red and blue light. Scientia Horticulturae, 153, 50-55.
16. Font i Forcada C, Gogorcena Y, Moreno MA. 2009. Effect of almond × peach hybrid rootstocks on fruit quality parameters and yield characteristics of peach cultivars. Acta Horticulturae, 962, 599-603.
17. Font i Forcada, C., Gogorcena, Y., and Moreno, M. Á. 2012. Agronomical and fruit quality traits of two peach cultivars on peach-almond hybrid rootstocks growing on Mediterranean conditions. Scientia Horticulturae, 140, 157-163.
18. Fuernkranz HA, Nowak CA, Maynard CA. 1990. Light effects on in vitro adventitious root formation in axillary shoots of mature Prunus serotina. Physiologia Plantarum, 80(3), 337-341.
19. Fukuda N, Ajima C, Yukawa T, Olsen JE. 2016. Antagonistic action of blue and red light on shoot elongation in petunia depends on gibberellin, but the effects on flowering are not generally linked to gibberellin. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 121, 102-111.
20. Gu A, Liu W, Ma C, Cui J, Henny RJ, Chen J. 2012. Regeneration of Anthurium andraeanum from leaf explants and evaluation of microcutting rooting and growth under different light qualities. HortScience, 47(1), 88-92.
21. Gurel S, Gulsen Y. 1998. The effects of IBA and BAP on in vitro shoot production of almond (Amygdalus communis L.). Turkish Journal of Botany, 22(6), 375-380.
22. Hahn EJ, Kozai T, Paek KY, 2000. Blue and red light-emitting diodes with or without sucrose and ventilation affect in vitro growth of Rehmannia glutinosa plantlets. Journal of Plant Biology, 43, 247–250.
64 Int. J. Hort. Sci. Technol; Vol. 8, No. 1; March 2021
23. Heo J, Lee C, Chakrabarty D, Paek KY, 2002. Growth responses of marigold and salvia bedding plants as affected by monochromic or mixture radiation provided by a light-emitting diode (LED). Plant Growth Regulators, 38: 225–230.
24. Hernández R, Kubota C. 2014. Growth and morphological response of cucumber seedlings to supplemental red and blue photon flux ratios under varied solar daily light integrals. Scientia Horticulturae, 173, 92-99.
25. Hernández R, Kubota C. 2015. Physiological, morphological, and energy-use efficiency comparisons of LED and HPS supplemental lighting for cucumber transplant production. HortScience, 50(3), 351-357.
26. Hernández-Dorrego A, Pinochet J, Calvet C. 1999. Growth response of peach and plum rootstocks infected with Pratylenchus vulnus in microplots. Journal of Nematology, 31(4S), 656.
27. Hogewoning SW, Trouwborst G, Maljaars H, Poorter H, van Ieperen W, Harbinson J. 2010. Blue light dose–responses of leaf photosynthesis, morphology, and chemical composition of Cucumis sativus grown under different combinations of red and blue light. Journal of Experimental Botany, 61(11), 3107-3117.
28. Hosseini A, Zare Mehrjerdi M, Aliniaeifard S, Seif M. 2019. Photosynthetic and growth responses of green and purple basil plants under different spectral compositions. Physiology and Molecular Biology of Plants 25, 741-752.
29. Huché-Thélier L, Crespel L, Le Gourrierec J, Morel P, Sakr S, Leduc N. 2016. Light signaling and plant responses to blue and UV radiations-Perspectives for applications in horticulture. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 121, 22-38.
30. Iacona C, Muleo R. 2010. Light quality affects in vitro adventitious rooting and ex vitro performance of cherry rootstock Colt. Scientia Horticulturae, 125(4), 630-636.
31. Isikalan Ç, Akbas FA, Namli S, Tilkat E, Basaran D. 2008. In vitro micropropagation of almond (Amygdalus communis L. cv. Nonpareil). African Journal of Biotechnology, 7(12), 1875-1880.
32. Kim SJ, Hahn EJ, Heo JW, Paek KY. 2004. Effects of LEDs on net photosynthetic rate, growth and leaf stomata of chrysanthemum plantlets in vitro. Scientia Horticulturae, 101(1), 143-151.
33. Li H, Tang, C, Xu Z. 2013. The effects of different light qualities on rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) plantlet growth and morphogenesis in vitro. Scientia Horticulturae, 150, 117-124.
34. Lian ML, Murthy HN, Paek KY. 2002. Effects of light emitting diodes (LEDs) on the in vitro induction and growth of bulblets of Lilium oriental hybrid Pesaro. Scientia Horticulturae, 94(3), 365-370.
35. Lin KH, Huang MY, Huang WD, Hsu MH, Yang ZW, Yang CM. 2013. The effects of red, blue, and white light-emitting diodes on the growth, development, and edible quality of hydroponically grown lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. Capitata). Scientia Horticulturae, 150, 86-91.
36. Liu M, Xu Z, Guo S, Tang C, Liu X, Jao X. 2014. Evaluation of leaf morphology, structure and biochemical substance of balloon flower plantlets in vitro under different light spectra. Scientia Horticulturae, 174, 112-118.
37. Lloyd G, McCown B. 1980. Commercially-feasible micropropagation of mountain laurel, Kalmia latifolia, by use of shoot-tip culture. International Plant Propagators Society Proceeding, 30, 421-427.
38. Macedo AF, Leal-Costa MV, Tavares ES, Lage CLS, Esquibel M A. 2011. The effect of light quality on leaf production and development of in vitro-cultured plants of Alternanthera brasiliana Kuntze. Environmental and Experimental Botany, 70(1), 43-50.
39. Massa GD, Kim HH, Wheeler RM, Mitchell CA. 2008. Plant productivity in response to LED lighting. HortScience, 43(7), 1951-1956.
40. Miler N, Kulus D, Woźny A, Rymarz D, Hajzer M, Wierzbowski K, Nelke R, Szeffs L. 2019. Application of wide-spectrum light-emitting diodes in micropropagation of popular ornamental plant species: a study on plant quality and cost reduction. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology – Plant, 55, 99–108.
41. Moradnezhad M, Hosseini R, Zarrabi M, Golmohammadi F. 2017. A new approach for olive (Arbequina cv.) micropropagation: Effect of dikegulac, light and carbon source. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 4(1), 79-87.
42. Mousavifattah SM, Sarikhani H. 2016. Influence of light quality and some growth regulators on in vitro shoot proliferation and rooting of pear rootstock OH×F333. Iranian Journal of Horticultural Science, 47(1), 45-54. (In Farsi with abstract in English)
Effect of Light Quality on Micropropagation and Some Morphological Properties of … 65
43. Muleo R, Morini S, Casano, S. 2001. Photoregulation of growth and branching of plum shoots: physiological action of two photosystems. In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology-Plant, 37(5), 609-617.
44. Muleo R, Morini S. 2006. Light quality regulates shoot cluster growth and development of MM106 apple genotype in in vitro culture. Scientia Horticulturae, 108(4), 364-370.
45. Muleo R, Morini S. 2008. Physiological dissection of blue and red light regulation of apical dominance and branching in M9 apple rootstock growing in vitro. Journal of Plant Physiology, 165(17): 1838-1846.
46. Murashige T, Skoog F. 1962. A revised medium for rapid growth and bio assays with tobacco tissue cultures. Physiologia Plantarum. 15(3), 473-497.
47. Nelson JA, Bugbee B. 2013. Supplemental greenhouse lighting: Return on Investment for LED and HPS fixtures. Controlled Environments. Paper 2. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/cpl_env/2
48. Orazem P, Stampar F, Hudina M. 2011. Quality analysis of Redhaven peach fruit grafted on 11 rootstocks of different genetic origin in a replant soil. Food Chemistry. 124(4) 1691-1698.
49. Papafotiou M, Martini AN. 2009. Effect of position and orientation of leaflet explants with respect to plant growth regulators on micropropagation of Zamioculcas zamiifolia Engl.(ZZ). Scientia Horticulturae, 120(1), 115-120.
50. Pierik RLM. 1997. In vitro culture of higher plants. Springer Science and Business Media.
51. Pimputkar S, Speck, JS, DenBaars SP, Nakamura S. 2009. Prospects for LED lighting. Nature Photonics, 3(4), 180-182.
52. Pinochet J, Aglès M, Dalmau E, Fernández C, Felipe A. 1996. Prunus rootstock evaluation to root-knot and lesion nematodes in Spain. Journal of Nematology, 28(4S), 616.
53. Polák J, Oukropec I. 2010. Identification of interspecific peach and Prunus sp. hybrids resistant to Plum pox virus infection. Plant Protection Science, 46(4), 139-144.
54. Rajapakse NC, Shahak Y. 2008. Light-quality manipulation by horticulture industry. Annual Plant Reviews, Light and Plant Development, 30, 290.
55. Royer DL. 2001. Stomatal density and stomatal index as indicators of paleoatmospheric CO2 concentration. Review of Palaeobotany Palynology, 114, 1–28.
56. Ruzin SE. 1999. Plant Microtechnique and Microscopy. Oxford University Press. NY, USA. 336 p.
57. Salava J, Polak J, Oukropec I. 2013. Evaluation of the Prunus interspecific progenies for resistance to Plum pox virus. Czech Journal of Genetics and Plant Breeding, 49(2), 65-69.
58. Samuolienė G, Brazaitytė A, Urbonavičiūtė A, Šabajevienė G, Duchovskis P. 2010. The effect of red and blue light component on the growth and development of frigo strawberries. Zemdirbyste-Agriculture, 97(2), 99-104.
59. Sarikhani H, Valipour M, Chehregani A. 2014. Fruit growth and patterns of lignification in the seeds of four Iranian pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cultivars. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 89, 268-272.
60. Savvides A, Fanourakis D, van Ieperen W. 2012. Co-ordination of hydraulic and stomatal conductances across light qualities in cucumber leaves. Journal of Experimental Botany, 63(3), 1135-1143.
61. Sayed SS, Gabr AMM, Amin MA, Taha LS. 2020. Biochemical characterization of micropropagated Ceratonia siliqua L. under effect of growth regulators and light quality. Bulletin of the National Research Centre, 44, 26.
62. Smith HL, Mcausland L, Murchie EH. 2017. Don’t ignore the green light: exploring diverse roles in plant processes. Journal of Experimental Botany, 68, 2099-2110,
63. Taiz L, Zeiger E, Møller IM, Murphy A. 2015. Plant physiology. 6th ed. Sinauer Associates Inc., Massachusetts, 761 p.
64. van Ieperen W, Savvides A. Fanourakis D. 2012. Red and blue light effects during growth on hydraulic and stomatal conductance in leaves of young cucumber plants. Acta Horticulturae, 956, 223-230.
65. Wang X.Y, Xu XM, Cui J. 2015. The importance of blue light for leaf area expansion, development of photosynthetic apparatus, and chloroplast ultrastructure of Cucumis sativus grown under weak light. Photosynthetica, 53(2), 213-222.
)