Document Type : Research paper
Authors
Department of Seed, Crop and Horticultural Sciences, School of Agriculture and Biotechnology, University of Eldoret , Kenya
Abstract
Production of high quality seeds in African leafy vegetables has not been practiced due to varying reasons including incorrect harvesting stages and fertilizer rates. Jute mallow (Corchorus olitorius L.) pods do not ripen simultaneously and fruits left to dry on mother plant long before harvesting, which face seed quality deterioration. Timely seed harvesting ensures maximum seed quality attributes of purity, germination and vigour. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of harvesting stages and nitrogen fertilizer on seed quality and yield of Jute mallow. Seed samples from four Jute mallow morphotypes (GEMS, GLMT, BEMS, and BLMT) were planted. Completely randomized block design was used for analysing the effects of nitrogen fertilizer levels (0, 60 and 120 kg/ha) with three replicates. Five plants were randomly tagged per plot and seed harvested at three maturity stages of green, tan and black. Seed quality test of purity, germination and vigour were done as per ISTA (2004) and means separation done by DMRT at p≤0.05. Results showed that harvesting stage significantly influenced seed quality attributes, in a way that the maximum purity, germination and seed vigour was detected at tan pod stage and their lowest levels were observed at black pod stage. It can be concluded that best agronomic practices of Jute mallow seed can be attained when they harvested at tan stage together with use of N fertilizer for high seed quality and yield.
Keywords
Abd-Allah S.A.M, Ghobary H.M.M, Hegazi A.Z. (2010). Regression of genotypes environments interaction for some Jews Mallow ecotypes (Crochorus olitorius, L.). Journal of Plant Production, 9: 1251-1262.
2. Abukutsa-Onyango M.O. (2007): The diversity of cultivated African leafy vegetables in three communities in Western Kenya. African Journal of Food Agriculture Nutrition and Development, 7: 1-15.
3. Abukutsa-Onyango, M.O., “Market survey on African indigenous vegetables in Kenya”. Eds-JM Wesonga, lozenge T, Ndungu C.K, Ngamau K, Njoroge J.M.B, Ombwara F.K, Agong S.G, Fricke A, Hau B ,Stutzel H. In: Proceedings of the second Horticultural seminar on Sustainable Horticultural Production in the Tropics at JKUAT 2002: pp. 39-46.
4. Ahmadi H, Akbar Pour V, Dashti F, Shojaeian A. (2010). Effect of different levels of nitrogen on yield, nitrate accumulation and several quantitive attributes of five Iranian spinach. American Eurasian Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Science, 8(4): 468-473.
5. Ahmed A.H, Khalil M.K, Amal Farrag M. (2000). Nitrate accumulation, growth, yield and chemical composition of Rocket plant as affected by NPK fertilization, Kinetin and Salicylic Acid. Cairo University, Egypt, September, pp: 495- 508.
6. Aisha H, Ali, Magda Hafez ,Asmaa M, Mahmoud R ,Shafeek M.R. (2013). Effect of Bio and chemical fertilizers on growth, yield and chemical properties of spinach plant (Spinacia oleracea L.). Middle East Journal of Agriculture Research, 2(1): 16-20.
7. Akamine H, Masanobu O, Amzad H, Ichiro N, Tamaki N, Chitta P, Nose A. (2007). Effects of soil types and fertilizer on growth, yield and quality of leafy vegetables. Journal of Plant Production Science, 10, 151-154.
8. Aphane J, Chadha M.L, Oluoch M.O. (2002). FAO-AVRDC International Workshop proceedings, Arusha, Tanzania, Increasing the Consumption of Micronutrient-rich Foods
Effect of Harvesting Stages and Nitrogen on Seed Quality … 325
through Production and Promotion of Indigenous Foods.
9. Aura S. (2014). The diversity of Indigenous African leafy vegetables that are produced, consumed and sold in various households in Vihiga district, Western Kenya; Acta Horticulturae in II International Symposium on Underutilized Plant Species: Crops for the Future-Beyond Food Security; 979; 249-254.
10. Chweya J, Eyzaguirre P. (eds), (1999): The biodiversity of traditional leafy vegetables. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.
11. de Castro T.C, Simões-Gurgel C, Ribeiro I.G, Coelho M.G.P, Albarello N. (2014): Morphological aspects of fruits, seeds, seedlings and in vivo and in vitro germination of species of the genus Cleome. Journal of Seed Science, 36: 326-335.
12. Faber M, Oelofse A, van Jaarsveld P.J, Wenhold F.A.M, van Rensburg W.J. (2010). African leafy vegetables consumed by households in the Limpopo and KwaZulu–Natal provinces in South Africa. South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 23(1):30–38.
13. Gold K, Sacande M, Bertenshaw V. (2008): Improving the identification, handling and storage of “difficult” seeds. Report of the training workshops. Plant Peoples Possibilities. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK.
14. Gomez K.A, Gomez A.A. (1984). Statistical procedures for Agriculture Research. Second Ed. Wiely Interscience Publ. John Willey and Sons, New York.
15. Gómez-Campo C. (2007): Long Term Seed Preservation: Updated Standards are Urgent. Monographs ETSIA, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid; 168: 1-4
16. Hassanzadeh K, Aliniaeifard S, Farzinia M, Ahmadi M. (2017). Effect of Phenological Stages on Essential Oil Content, Composition and Rosmarinic Acid in Rosmarinus officinalis L.. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 4(2), 251-258. doi: 10.22059/ijhst.2017.234339.194
17. Hilhorst H.W.M, Toorop P. E. (1997): Review on dormancy, germinability and germination in crops and weed seeds. Advance in Agronomy, 61: 111-165.
18. Hodder A. (2004). Worldwide production of fruit and vegetables. Report of the Joint WHO/FAO Workshop on Fruit and Vegetables for Health, Kobe Japan.
19. Islam M.M, Karim A.J, Jahiruddin M, Majid N.M, Miah M.G, Mustaque Ahmed M, Hakim M.A. (2011). Effects of organic manure and chemical fertilizers on crops in the radish-stem amaranth- Indian spinach cropping pattern in homestead area. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 5(11): 1370-1378.
20. ISTA, International Seed Testing Association, International rules for seed testing, Edition 2004, Bassersdorf, CH- Zurich, Switzerland.
21. Jonathan S.G, Oyetunji O.J, Olawuyi O.J. Asemoloye M.D. (2012). Growth responses of Corchorus olitorius L. (Jute) to the application of organic manure as an organic fertilizer. Academia Arena, 4(9): 48-56.
22. K’opondo, F, Muasya R, Kiplagat O.K. (Eds.). (2005). A review on the seed production and handling of indigenous vegetables (Spider plant, Jute mallow and African nightshade complex). In Proceedings of the third Horticulture Workshop on Sustainable Horticultural production in the Tropics (pp. 42–48). Maseno: Maseno University.
23. Kalro, (2015), (2016). Kenya Agriculture and Livestock Organization Annual report, Government Printer. Nairobi, Kenya.
24. Kamotho G.N, Mathenge P.W, Muasya R.M, Dulloo M.E. (2007): Effects of packaging and storage conditions on quality of spider plant (Cleome gynandra L.) seed. African Journal of Food Agriculture and Development, 13(5): 8368-8387.
25. Kamotho G.N, Mathenge P.W, Muasya R.M, Dulloo M.E. (2014): Effects of maturity stage, desiccation and storage period on seed quality of Cleome (Cleome gynandra L.). Research Desk 3: 419-433.
26. Kamotho N.G. (2004): Effects of management practices, maturity stages, drying, packaging and storage conditions on seed quality of Cleome gynandra L. M. Phil. Thesis Moi University, Kenya.
27. Keding, G, Weinberger K, Swai I, Mndiga H. (2007). Diversity, traits and use of traditional vegetables in Tanzania. AVRDC World Vegetable Center.
28. Maina F.N.W, Gohole L.S, Muasya R.M. (2013). Effect of agronomic and post harvest practices on seed quality of slender leaf vegetables. In the 13th Workshop on Sustainable Horticultural Production in the Tropics, 3rd to 6th December 2013 at Meru University of Science and Technology, Meru, Kenya.
326 Int. J. Hort. Sci. Technol; Vol. 7, No. 4; December 2020
29. Masinde P.W, Onyango C.A., Abukutsa-Onyango M., Wesonga J.M., Ojiewo C.O, Agong S.G. 2010. Response of leaf yield and nutritive value of African Nightshade (Solanum villosum) genotype to nitrogen application. African Journal of Horticultural Science: 3, 34-47.
30. Maunder E.M.W, Meaker J.L. (2007). The current and potential contribution of homegrown vegetables to diets in South Africa. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Discipline of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3201, South Africa
31. Mirghani K.A, Mohammed T.I. (1997). Indigenous vegetables of Sudan: production, utilization and conservation. In: L. Guarino (Ed). Traditional African Vegetables. Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops 16. Proceedings of the IPGRI International Workshop on Genetic Resources of Traditional Vegetables in Africa. ICRAF-HQ, Nairobi, Kenya. 1997.
32. MOA, (2014), (2015), (2016). Ministry of Agriculture, Annual Reports, Government Printer. Nairobi, Kenya.
33. Ndinya C, (2005) “Seed production and supply systems of three African leafy vegetables in Kakamega District. In: MO Abukutsa-Onyango, AN Muriithi, VE Anjichi, K Ngamau, SG Agong, A Fricke, B Hau, and H Stutzel (Eds). Proceedings of the third Horticulture Workshop on Sustainable Horticultural Production in the Tropics Maseno University, Maseno 2005: pp. 60-67
34. Ngoze S, Okoko N. (2005). “On farm seed production in Kisii District”: “An overview of recent situation”. In: MO Abukutsa-Onyango, AN Muriithi, VE Anjichi, K Ngamau, SG Agong, A. Fricke, Hau B, Stutzel H.(Eds). Proceedings of the third Horticulture Workshop on Sustainable Horticultural Production in the Tropics Maseno University, Maseno 2005: pp. 59-60
35. Nihort, (1986). Advances in fruit and vegetable research at NIHORT. A commemorative publication, Ibadan, Nigeria.
36. Nyadanu S, Lowor S.T. (2014). “Promoting competitiveness of neglected and underutilized
crop species: comparative analysis of nutritional composition of indigenous and exotic leafy and fruit vegetables in Ghana,” Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 131–140.
37. Ochuodho J.O. (2005): Physiological basis for seed germination in Cleome gynandra L. PhD Thesis, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.
38. Okeno J.A, Chebet D.K, Mathenge P.W. (2003). Status of indigenous vegetables in Kenya. Acta Hort. 2003; 621: 95-100.
39. Okongo P, (2005) “Community seed production of African indigenous vegetables” In: MO Abukutsa-Onyango, AN Muriithi, VE Anjichi, K Ngamau, SG Agong, A Fricke, B Hau, and H Stutzel (Eds) Proceedings of the third Horticulture Workshop on Sustainable Horticultural Production in the Tropics Maseno University, Maseno 2005: pp. 33-37.
40. Olaniyi J.O. (2000). Growth, seed yield and nutrient composition of egusi melon cultivars as affected by NPK 15-15-15 fertilization. Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology and Environment, 2(1/2): 11-16.
41. Olaniyi, J.O, Ajibola A.T. (2008). Growth and Yield Performance of Corchorus olitorius Varieties as Affected by Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizers Application.
42. Rutto D, Omami E, Ochuodho J, Ngode L. (2018). Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on growth, quality and yield of Mrenda (Corchorus olitorius) morphotypes in Kenya. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 5(1), 1-10. doi: 10.22059/ijhst.2018.254156.226
43. Schippers R.R. (2002). African Indigenous Vegetables: an overview of the Cultivated Species (revised edition). Natural Resources International limited, Chatham, United Kingdom.
44. Simiyu, J.N, Mwongera C.N, Gohole L.S, Muasya R.M. (2003): Farmers' knowledge and practices in spider plant (Cleome gynandra L.) seed production: Case study of Kakamega and Vihiga districts. In: Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Sustain able Horticultural Production in the Tropics Maseno, Kenya.
2. Abukutsa-Onyango M.O. (2007): The diversity of cultivated African leafy vegetables in three communities in Western Kenya. African Journal of Food Agriculture Nutrition and Development, 7: 1-15.
3. Abukutsa-Onyango, M.O., “Market survey on African indigenous vegetables in Kenya”. Eds-JM Wesonga, lozenge T, Ndungu C.K, Ngamau K, Njoroge J.M.B, Ombwara F.K, Agong S.G, Fricke A, Hau B ,Stutzel H. In: Proceedings of the second Horticultural seminar on Sustainable Horticultural Production in the Tropics at JKUAT 2002: pp. 39-46.
4. Ahmadi H, Akbar Pour V, Dashti F, Shojaeian A. (2010). Effect of different levels of nitrogen on yield, nitrate accumulation and several quantitive attributes of five Iranian spinach. American Eurasian Journal of Agriculture and Environmental Science, 8(4): 468-473.
5. Ahmed A.H, Khalil M.K, Amal Farrag M. (2000). Nitrate accumulation, growth, yield and chemical composition of Rocket plant as affected by NPK fertilization, Kinetin and Salicylic Acid. Cairo University, Egypt, September, pp: 495- 508.
6. Aisha H, Ali, Magda Hafez ,Asmaa M, Mahmoud R ,Shafeek M.R. (2013). Effect of Bio and chemical fertilizers on growth, yield and chemical properties of spinach plant (Spinacia oleracea L.). Middle East Journal of Agriculture Research, 2(1): 16-20.
7. Akamine H, Masanobu O, Amzad H, Ichiro N, Tamaki N, Chitta P, Nose A. (2007). Effects of soil types and fertilizer on growth, yield and quality of leafy vegetables. Journal of Plant Production Science, 10, 151-154.
8. Aphane J, Chadha M.L, Oluoch M.O. (2002). FAO-AVRDC International Workshop proceedings, Arusha, Tanzania, Increasing the Consumption of Micronutrient-rich Foods
Effect of Harvesting Stages and Nitrogen on Seed Quality … 325
through Production and Promotion of Indigenous Foods.
9. Aura S. (2014). The diversity of Indigenous African leafy vegetables that are produced, consumed and sold in various households in Vihiga district, Western Kenya; Acta Horticulturae in II International Symposium on Underutilized Plant Species: Crops for the Future-Beyond Food Security; 979; 249-254.
10. Chweya J, Eyzaguirre P. (eds), (1999): The biodiversity of traditional leafy vegetables. International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Rome, Italy.
11. de Castro T.C, Simões-Gurgel C, Ribeiro I.G, Coelho M.G.P, Albarello N. (2014): Morphological aspects of fruits, seeds, seedlings and in vivo and in vitro germination of species of the genus Cleome. Journal of Seed Science, 36: 326-335.
12. Faber M, Oelofse A, van Jaarsveld P.J, Wenhold F.A.M, van Rensburg W.J. (2010). African leafy vegetables consumed by households in the Limpopo and KwaZulu–Natal provinces in South Africa. South African Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 23(1):30–38.
13. Gold K, Sacande M, Bertenshaw V. (2008): Improving the identification, handling and storage of “difficult” seeds. Report of the training workshops. Plant Peoples Possibilities. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, UK.
14. Gomez K.A, Gomez A.A. (1984). Statistical procedures for Agriculture Research. Second Ed. Wiely Interscience Publ. John Willey and Sons, New York.
15. Gómez-Campo C. (2007): Long Term Seed Preservation: Updated Standards are Urgent. Monographs ETSIA, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid; 168: 1-4
16. Hassanzadeh K, Aliniaeifard S, Farzinia M, Ahmadi M. (2017). Effect of Phenological Stages on Essential Oil Content, Composition and Rosmarinic Acid in Rosmarinus officinalis L.. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 4(2), 251-258. doi: 10.22059/ijhst.2017.234339.194
17. Hilhorst H.W.M, Toorop P. E. (1997): Review on dormancy, germinability and germination in crops and weed seeds. Advance in Agronomy, 61: 111-165.
18. Hodder A. (2004). Worldwide production of fruit and vegetables. Report of the Joint WHO/FAO Workshop on Fruit and Vegetables for Health, Kobe Japan.
19. Islam M.M, Karim A.J, Jahiruddin M, Majid N.M, Miah M.G, Mustaque Ahmed M, Hakim M.A. (2011). Effects of organic manure and chemical fertilizers on crops in the radish-stem amaranth- Indian spinach cropping pattern in homestead area. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 5(11): 1370-1378.
20. ISTA, International Seed Testing Association, International rules for seed testing, Edition 2004, Bassersdorf, CH- Zurich, Switzerland.
21. Jonathan S.G, Oyetunji O.J, Olawuyi O.J. Asemoloye M.D. (2012). Growth responses of Corchorus olitorius L. (Jute) to the application of organic manure as an organic fertilizer. Academia Arena, 4(9): 48-56.
22. K’opondo, F, Muasya R, Kiplagat O.K. (Eds.). (2005). A review on the seed production and handling of indigenous vegetables (Spider plant, Jute mallow and African nightshade complex). In Proceedings of the third Horticulture Workshop on Sustainable Horticultural production in the Tropics (pp. 42–48). Maseno: Maseno University.
23. Kalro, (2015), (2016). Kenya Agriculture and Livestock Organization Annual report, Government Printer. Nairobi, Kenya.
24. Kamotho G.N, Mathenge P.W, Muasya R.M, Dulloo M.E. (2007): Effects of packaging and storage conditions on quality of spider plant (Cleome gynandra L.) seed. African Journal of Food Agriculture and Development, 13(5): 8368-8387.
25. Kamotho G.N, Mathenge P.W, Muasya R.M, Dulloo M.E. (2014): Effects of maturity stage, desiccation and storage period on seed quality of Cleome (Cleome gynandra L.). Research Desk 3: 419-433.
26. Kamotho N.G. (2004): Effects of management practices, maturity stages, drying, packaging and storage conditions on seed quality of Cleome gynandra L. M. Phil. Thesis Moi University, Kenya.
27. Keding, G, Weinberger K, Swai I, Mndiga H. (2007). Diversity, traits and use of traditional vegetables in Tanzania. AVRDC World Vegetable Center.
28. Maina F.N.W, Gohole L.S, Muasya R.M. (2013). Effect of agronomic and post harvest practices on seed quality of slender leaf vegetables. In the 13th Workshop on Sustainable Horticultural Production in the Tropics, 3rd to 6th December 2013 at Meru University of Science and Technology, Meru, Kenya.
326 Int. J. Hort. Sci. Technol; Vol. 7, No. 4; December 2020
29. Masinde P.W, Onyango C.A., Abukutsa-Onyango M., Wesonga J.M., Ojiewo C.O, Agong S.G. 2010. Response of leaf yield and nutritive value of African Nightshade (Solanum villosum) genotype to nitrogen application. African Journal of Horticultural Science: 3, 34-47.
30. Maunder E.M.W, Meaker J.L. (2007). The current and potential contribution of homegrown vegetables to diets in South Africa. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Discipline of Dietetics and Human Nutrition, School of Agricultural Sciences and Agribusiness, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3201, South Africa
31. Mirghani K.A, Mohammed T.I. (1997). Indigenous vegetables of Sudan: production, utilization and conservation. In: L. Guarino (Ed). Traditional African Vegetables. Promoting the conservation and use of underutilized and neglected crops 16. Proceedings of the IPGRI International Workshop on Genetic Resources of Traditional Vegetables in Africa. ICRAF-HQ, Nairobi, Kenya. 1997.
32. MOA, (2014), (2015), (2016). Ministry of Agriculture, Annual Reports, Government Printer. Nairobi, Kenya.
33. Ndinya C, (2005) “Seed production and supply systems of three African leafy vegetables in Kakamega District. In: MO Abukutsa-Onyango, AN Muriithi, VE Anjichi, K Ngamau, SG Agong, A Fricke, B Hau, and H Stutzel (Eds). Proceedings of the third Horticulture Workshop on Sustainable Horticultural Production in the Tropics Maseno University, Maseno 2005: pp. 60-67
34. Ngoze S, Okoko N. (2005). “On farm seed production in Kisii District”: “An overview of recent situation”. In: MO Abukutsa-Onyango, AN Muriithi, VE Anjichi, K Ngamau, SG Agong, A. Fricke, Hau B, Stutzel H.(Eds). Proceedings of the third Horticulture Workshop on Sustainable Horticultural Production in the Tropics Maseno University, Maseno 2005: pp. 59-60
35. Nihort, (1986). Advances in fruit and vegetable research at NIHORT. A commemorative publication, Ibadan, Nigeria.
36. Nyadanu S, Lowor S.T. (2014). “Promoting competitiveness of neglected and underutilized
crop species: comparative analysis of nutritional composition of indigenous and exotic leafy and fruit vegetables in Ghana,” Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution, vol. 62, no. 1, pp. 131–140.
37. Ochuodho J.O. (2005): Physiological basis for seed germination in Cleome gynandra L. PhD Thesis, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.
38. Okeno J.A, Chebet D.K, Mathenge P.W. (2003). Status of indigenous vegetables in Kenya. Acta Hort. 2003; 621: 95-100.
39. Okongo P, (2005) “Community seed production of African indigenous vegetables” In: MO Abukutsa-Onyango, AN Muriithi, VE Anjichi, K Ngamau, SG Agong, A Fricke, B Hau, and H Stutzel (Eds) Proceedings of the third Horticulture Workshop on Sustainable Horticultural Production in the Tropics Maseno University, Maseno 2005: pp. 33-37.
40. Olaniyi J.O. (2000). Growth, seed yield and nutrient composition of egusi melon cultivars as affected by NPK 15-15-15 fertilization. Journal of Agricultural Biotechnology and Environment, 2(1/2): 11-16.
41. Olaniyi, J.O, Ajibola A.T. (2008). Growth and Yield Performance of Corchorus olitorius Varieties as Affected by Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizers Application.
42. Rutto D, Omami E, Ochuodho J, Ngode L. (2018). Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on growth, quality and yield of Mrenda (Corchorus olitorius) morphotypes in Kenya. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology, 5(1), 1-10. doi: 10.22059/ijhst.2018.254156.226
43. Schippers R.R. (2002). African Indigenous Vegetables: an overview of the Cultivated Species (revised edition). Natural Resources International limited, Chatham, United Kingdom.
44. Simiyu, J.N, Mwongera C.N, Gohole L.S, Muasya R.M. (2003): Farmers' knowledge and practices in spider plant (Cleome gynandra L.) seed production: Case study of Kakamega and Vihiga districts. In: Proceedings of the Third Workshop on Sustain able Horticultural Production in the Tropics Maseno, Kenya.
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