Document Type : Research paper
Authors
1 Sustainable Agriculture Research, Iran
2 Department of Agriculture, Payam Noor University, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Sustainable agriculture can increase the efficiency of resource utilization, provide longer productivity and create a balance in the environment. A field experiment was conducted to study the use of organic and chemical fertilizers on biomass, essential oil content and essential oil yield as well as chemical compositions of Dracocephalum polychaetum Burnm in the first and second cutting. The treatments were: broiler litter (1700 kg ha-1), cow manure (2500 kg ha-1), sheep manure (1700 kg ha-1), chemical fertilizer (110 kg ha-1) and control (no fertilizer) in three replications. The results showed that D. polychaetum was most responsive to application of broiler litter as compared with the other treatments. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry analysis indicated that neral, geranial, geranyl acetate and α-pinene were the major chemical compounds of D. polychaetum in the both cuttings. In the first cutting the plants treated with sheep manure had the highest neral content (28.24%). The highest geranial content (26.85%) in the first cutting was recorded in plants amended with chemical fertilizer, without significant difference with broiler litter (26.36%). In the first cutting the greatest α-pinene (15.52%) content was observed in the control treatment without significant difference with broiler litter (15.09%). Unlike the first cutting, plant amended with cow manure had the maximum neral (23.89%) and geranial (29.27%) contents in the second cutting. The present study demonstrated that the application of organic manure improved essential oil content and quality and aroma profile of D. polychaetum.
Keywords
1. Adams RP, 2007. Identification of Essential Oil Components by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry, 4th ed Allured Publishing Corporation, Carol Stream, Illinois.
2. Alizadeh A, Khoshkhui M, Javidnia K, Firuzi O, Tafazoli E, Khalighi A. 2010. Effects of fertilizer on yield, essential oil composition, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity in Satureja hortensis L. (Lamiaceae) cultivated in Iran. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 4: 33-40.
3. Alizadeh P, Fallah S, Raiesi F. 2012. Potential N mineralization and availability to irrigated maize in a calcareous soil amended with organic manures and urea under field conditions. International Journal of Plant Production 6: 493-512. 4. Anwar M, Patra DD, Chand S, Alpesh K, Naqvi AA, Khanuja SPS. 2005. Effect of organic manures and inorganic fertilizer on growth, herb and oil yield, nutrient accumulation, and oil quality of French basil. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 36: 1737-1746. 5. Bajeli J, Tripathi S, Kumar A, Tripathi A, Upadhyay RK. 2016. Organic manures convincing source for quality production of Japanese mint (Mentha arvensis L.). International Journal of Plant Production 83: 603-606.
6. Boroomand N, Moghbeli M, Hosseini Grouh MS, Farajpour M. 2017. Phytochemical components, total phenol and mineral contents and antioxidant activity of six major medicinal plants from Rayen, Iran. Natural Product Research 32, 564-567.
7. British Pharmacopoeia. 1988. HMSO, London, pp. 2: A137-A138. 8. Chand S, Pandey A, Patra DD. 2012. Influence of nickel and lead applied in combination with vermicompost on growth and accumulation of heavy metals by Mentha arvensis Linn. cv. ‘Kosi’. Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources 3: 256–261.
9. Chaouki W, Leger DY, Liagre B, Beneytout JL, Hmamouchi M. 2009. Citral inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in MCF-7 cells. Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology 23: 549-556. 10. Chaudhry AN, Jilani G, Khan MA, Iqbal T (2009) Improved processing of poultry litter to reduce nitrate leaching and enhance its fertilizer quality. Asian Journal of Chemistry 21: 497-503.
11. De Martino L, D’Arena G, Minervini MM, Deaglio S, Fusco BM, Cascavilla N, De Feo V. 2009. Verbena officinalis essential oil and its component citral as apoptotic-inducing agent in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. International Journal Immunopathol Pharmacol. 1097–1104. 12. Dinesh R, Srinivasan V, Hamza S, Manjusha A. 2010. Short term incorporation of organic manures and biofertilizers influences biochemical and microbial characteristics of soils under an annual crop [Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.)]. Current opinion in biotechnoly 4697-4702. 13. Dudareva N, Pichersky E. 2008. Metabolic engineering of plant volatiles. Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 19: 181-189. 14. Emami Bistgani Z, Siadat SA, Bakhshandeh A, Pirbalouti AG, Hashemi M. Maggi F, Morshedloo MR. 2018. Application of combined fertilizers improves biomass, essential oil yield, aroma profile, and antioxidant properties of Thymus daenensis Celak. Industrial Crops and Products 121: 434-440.
15. Fallah S, Ghalavand A, Raiesi F. 2013. Soil chemical properties and growth and nutrient uptake of maize grown with different combination of broiler litter and chemical fertilizer in a calcareous soil. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 44: 3120-3136.
16. Fallah S, Rostaei M, Lorigooini Z, Surki AA. 2018. Chemical compositions of essential oil and antioxidant activity of dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica) in sole crop and dragonhead-soybean (Glycine max) intercropping system under organic manure and chemical fertilizers. Industrial Crops and Products 115: 158-165. 17. Fattahi M, Bonfill M, Fattahi B, Torras-Claveria L, Sefidkon F, Cusido RM, Palazon J. 2016.
Alteration in essential oil yield and compositions of … 25
Secondary metabolites profiling of Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss at three phenological stages using uni-and multivariate methods. Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 3: 177-185. 18. Ghannadnia M, Haddad R, Zarinkamar F, Sharifi M. 2014. Manganese treatment effects on terpene compounds of Cuminum cyminum flowers. Industrial Crops and Products 53: 65-70. 19. Govahi M, Ghalavand A, Najafi F, Sorooshzade A. 2015. Comparing different soil fertility systems in Sage (Salvia officinalis) under water deficiency. Industrial Crops and Products 74: 20–27. 20. Guo JH, Liu XJ, Zhang Y, Shen JL, Han WX, Zhang WF, Christie P, Goulding KWT, Vitousek PM, Zhang FS. 2010. Significant acidification in major Chinese croplands. Science 327: 1008-1010. 21. Javidnia K, Miri R, Fahham N, Mehregan I. 2005. Composition of the essential oil of Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. Journal of Essential Oil Research 17: 481-482.
22. Koeduka T, Fridman E, Gang DR,Vassao DG, Jackson BL, Kosh ChM, Orlova L, Spassova SM, Lewis NG, Noel JP, Bagia TJ, Dudareva N, Pichersky E. 2006. Eugenol and isoeugenol, characteristic aromatic constituents of spices, are biosynthesized via reduction of a coniferyl alcohol ester. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences103: 10128-10133.
23. Marcus J, Klossek ML, Touraud D, Kunz W. 2013. Nano‐droplet formation in fragrance tinctures. Flavour and Fragrance Journal 28: 294-299.
24. Marschner H. 1995. Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. 2ed New York: Academic Press, p. 889. 25. Mozaffarian V. 1998. A dictionary of Iranian plant names. Tehran: Farhang Moaser Publishers.
26. Mesa-Arango AC, Montiel-Ramos J, Zapata B, Durán C, Betancur-Galvis L, Stashenko E. 2009. Citral and carvone chemotypes from the essential oils of Colombian Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Brown: Composition, cytotoxicity and antifungal activity. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 104: 878-884. 27. Monsef-Esfahani HR, Karamkhani F, Nickavar B, Abdi K, Faramarzi MA. 2007. Thevolatile constituents of Dracocephalum kotschyii oils. Chemistry of Natural Compounds 43: 40-43. 28. Pandey V, Patel A, Patra DD. 2015. Amelioration of mineral nutrition, productivity, antioxidant activity and aroma profile in marigold (Tagetes minuta L.) with organic and chemical fertilization. Industrial Crops and Products 76: 378-385. 29. Pandey V, Patel A, Patra DD. 2016. Integrated nutrient regimes ameliorate crop productivity, nutritive value, antioxidant activity and volatiles in basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Industrial Crops and Products 87: 124-131.
30. Pouraboli I, Nazari S, Sabet N, Sharififar F. 2015. Antidiabetic, antioxidant, and antilipid peroxidative activities of Dracocephalum polychaetum shoot extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: In vivo and in vitro studies. Pharmaceutical biology 54: 272-278.
31. Rechinger H. 1986. Labiatae in flora iranica. (Vol 150).Graz, Austria: Akademische Druck verlagsantalt, pp. 218-230. 32. Roelcke M, Han Y, Schleef KH, Zhu JG, Liu G, Cai ZC, Richter J. 2004. Recent trends and recommendations for nitrogen fertilization in intensive agriculture in eastern China. Pedosphere 14: 449-460. 33. Rostaei M, Fallah S, Lorigooini Z, Surki AA. 2018a. The effect of organic manure and chemical fertilizer on essential oil, chemical compositions and antioxidant activity of dill (Anethum graveolens) in sole and intercropped with soybean (Glycine max). Journal of Cleaner Production 199: 18-26. 34. Rostaei M, Fallah S, Lorigooini Z, Surki AA. 2018b. Crop productivity and chemical compositions of black cumin essential oil in sole crop and intercropped with soybean under contrasting fertilization. Industrial Crops and Products 125: 622-629 35. Rouached H, Arpat AB, Poirier Y. 2010. Regulation of phosphate starvation responses in plants: signaling players and cross-talks. Molecular Plant 3: 288-299. 36. Saeidnia S, Gohari AR, Uchiyama N, Ito M, Honda G, Kiuchi F. 2004. Two new monoterpene glycosides and trypanocidal terpenoids from Dracocephalum kotschyi. Chem Pharm bull 52: 1249-1250. 37. Saeidnia S, Gohari AR, Hadjiakhoondi A, Shafiee A. 2007. Bioactive compounds of the volatile oil of Dracocephalum kotschyi. Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung 62: 793-796. 38. Salehi A, Mehdi B, Fallah S, Kaul HP, Neugschwandtner RW. 2018. Productivity and nutrient use efficiency with integrated fertilization of buckwheat-fenugreek intercrops. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 110: 407-425.
26 Int. J. Hort. Sci. Technol; Vol. 7, No. 1; March 2020
39. Schlegel AJ, Assefa Y, Bond HD, Wetter SM, Stone LR. 2015b. Corn response to long-term applications of cattle manure, swine effluent, and inorganic nitrogen fertilizer. Agronomy Journal 107: 1701-1710.
40. Schlegel AJ, Assefa Y, Bond HD, Wetter SM, Stone LR. 2015a. Soil physicochemical properties after 10 years of animal waste application. Soil Science Society of America Journal 79: 711-719. 41. Siddiqui Y, Islam TM, Naidu Y, Meon S. 2011. The conjunctive use of compost tea and inorganic fertilizer on the growth, yield and terpenoid content of Centella asiatica (L.) urban. Scientia Horticulturae 130, 289-295.
42. Singh K, Chand S, Yaseen M. 2014. Integrated nutrient management in Indian basil (Ocimum basilicum). Industrial Crops and Products 55: 225-229.
43. Taghizadeh M, Ghanati F, Nasibi F, Manouchehri Kalantari K. 2019. Evaluation of secondary metabolites and antioxidant activity in Dracocephalum polychaetum Bornm. cell suspension culture under magnetite
nanoparticles and static magnetic field elicitation. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture 132: 489–498.
44. Yaghoobi MM, Khaleghi M, Rezanejad H, Parsia P. 2018. Antibiofilm Activity of Dracocephalum polychaetum Extracton Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection 5: 72-78.
45. Yang TS, Liou ML, Hu TF, Peng CW, Liu TT. 2013. Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Litsea cubeba oncariogenic bacteria. Journal of Essential Oil Research 25: 120- 128. 46. Yousefzadeh S, Modarres-Sanavy SAM, Sefidkon F, Asgarzadeh A, Ghalavand A, Sadat-Asilan K. 2013. Effects of Azocompost and urea on the herbage yield and contents and compositions of essential oils from two genotypes of dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) in two regions of Iran. Food Chemistry 138: 1407–1413. 47. Yruela I. 2005. Copper in plants. Braz. Journal of Plant Physiology 17: 145-156.
2. Alizadeh A, Khoshkhui M, Javidnia K, Firuzi O, Tafazoli E, Khalighi A. 2010. Effects of fertilizer on yield, essential oil composition, total phenolic content and antioxidant activity in Satureja hortensis L. (Lamiaceae) cultivated in Iran. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 4: 33-40.
3. Alizadeh P, Fallah S, Raiesi F. 2012. Potential N mineralization and availability to irrigated maize in a calcareous soil amended with organic manures and urea under field conditions. International Journal of Plant Production 6: 493-512. 4. Anwar M, Patra DD, Chand S, Alpesh K, Naqvi AA, Khanuja SPS. 2005. Effect of organic manures and inorganic fertilizer on growth, herb and oil yield, nutrient accumulation, and oil quality of French basil. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 36: 1737-1746. 5. Bajeli J, Tripathi S, Kumar A, Tripathi A, Upadhyay RK. 2016. Organic manures convincing source for quality production of Japanese mint (Mentha arvensis L.). International Journal of Plant Production 83: 603-606.
6. Boroomand N, Moghbeli M, Hosseini Grouh MS, Farajpour M. 2017. Phytochemical components, total phenol and mineral contents and antioxidant activity of six major medicinal plants from Rayen, Iran. Natural Product Research 32, 564-567.
7. British Pharmacopoeia. 1988. HMSO, London, pp. 2: A137-A138. 8. Chand S, Pandey A, Patra DD. 2012. Influence of nickel and lead applied in combination with vermicompost on growth and accumulation of heavy metals by Mentha arvensis Linn. cv. ‘Kosi’. Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources 3: 256–261.
9. Chaouki W, Leger DY, Liagre B, Beneytout JL, Hmamouchi M. 2009. Citral inhibits cell proliferation and induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in MCF-7 cells. Fundamental and Clinical Pharmacology 23: 549-556. 10. Chaudhry AN, Jilani G, Khan MA, Iqbal T (2009) Improved processing of poultry litter to reduce nitrate leaching and enhance its fertilizer quality. Asian Journal of Chemistry 21: 497-503.
11. De Martino L, D’Arena G, Minervini MM, Deaglio S, Fusco BM, Cascavilla N, De Feo V. 2009. Verbena officinalis essential oil and its component citral as apoptotic-inducing agent in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. International Journal Immunopathol Pharmacol. 1097–1104. 12. Dinesh R, Srinivasan V, Hamza S, Manjusha A. 2010. Short term incorporation of organic manures and biofertilizers influences biochemical and microbial characteristics of soils under an annual crop [Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.)]. Current opinion in biotechnoly 4697-4702. 13. Dudareva N, Pichersky E. 2008. Metabolic engineering of plant volatiles. Current Opinion in Biotechnology. 19: 181-189. 14. Emami Bistgani Z, Siadat SA, Bakhshandeh A, Pirbalouti AG, Hashemi M. Maggi F, Morshedloo MR. 2018. Application of combined fertilizers improves biomass, essential oil yield, aroma profile, and antioxidant properties of Thymus daenensis Celak. Industrial Crops and Products 121: 434-440.
15. Fallah S, Ghalavand A, Raiesi F. 2013. Soil chemical properties and growth and nutrient uptake of maize grown with different combination of broiler litter and chemical fertilizer in a calcareous soil. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 44: 3120-3136.
16. Fallah S, Rostaei M, Lorigooini Z, Surki AA. 2018. Chemical compositions of essential oil and antioxidant activity of dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica) in sole crop and dragonhead-soybean (Glycine max) intercropping system under organic manure and chemical fertilizers. Industrial Crops and Products 115: 158-165. 17. Fattahi M, Bonfill M, Fattahi B, Torras-Claveria L, Sefidkon F, Cusido RM, Palazon J. 2016.
Alteration in essential oil yield and compositions of … 25
Secondary metabolites profiling of Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss at three phenological stages using uni-and multivariate methods. Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants 3: 177-185. 18. Ghannadnia M, Haddad R, Zarinkamar F, Sharifi M. 2014. Manganese treatment effects on terpene compounds of Cuminum cyminum flowers. Industrial Crops and Products 53: 65-70. 19. Govahi M, Ghalavand A, Najafi F, Sorooshzade A. 2015. Comparing different soil fertility systems in Sage (Salvia officinalis) under water deficiency. Industrial Crops and Products 74: 20–27. 20. Guo JH, Liu XJ, Zhang Y, Shen JL, Han WX, Zhang WF, Christie P, Goulding KWT, Vitousek PM, Zhang FS. 2010. Significant acidification in major Chinese croplands. Science 327: 1008-1010. 21. Javidnia K, Miri R, Fahham N, Mehregan I. 2005. Composition of the essential oil of Dracocephalum kotschyi Boiss. Journal of Essential Oil Research 17: 481-482.
22. Koeduka T, Fridman E, Gang DR,Vassao DG, Jackson BL, Kosh ChM, Orlova L, Spassova SM, Lewis NG, Noel JP, Bagia TJ, Dudareva N, Pichersky E. 2006. Eugenol and isoeugenol, characteristic aromatic constituents of spices, are biosynthesized via reduction of a coniferyl alcohol ester. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences103: 10128-10133.
23. Marcus J, Klossek ML, Touraud D, Kunz W. 2013. Nano‐droplet formation in fragrance tinctures. Flavour and Fragrance Journal 28: 294-299.
24. Marschner H. 1995. Mineral Nutrition of Higher Plants. 2ed New York: Academic Press, p. 889. 25. Mozaffarian V. 1998. A dictionary of Iranian plant names. Tehran: Farhang Moaser Publishers.
26. Mesa-Arango AC, Montiel-Ramos J, Zapata B, Durán C, Betancur-Galvis L, Stashenko E. 2009. Citral and carvone chemotypes from the essential oils of Colombian Lippia alba (Mill.) N.E. Brown: Composition, cytotoxicity and antifungal activity. Memorias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz 104: 878-884. 27. Monsef-Esfahani HR, Karamkhani F, Nickavar B, Abdi K, Faramarzi MA. 2007. Thevolatile constituents of Dracocephalum kotschyii oils. Chemistry of Natural Compounds 43: 40-43. 28. Pandey V, Patel A, Patra DD. 2015. Amelioration of mineral nutrition, productivity, antioxidant activity and aroma profile in marigold (Tagetes minuta L.) with organic and chemical fertilization. Industrial Crops and Products 76: 378-385. 29. Pandey V, Patel A, Patra DD. 2016. Integrated nutrient regimes ameliorate crop productivity, nutritive value, antioxidant activity and volatiles in basil (Ocimum basilicum L.). Industrial Crops and Products 87: 124-131.
30. Pouraboli I, Nazari S, Sabet N, Sharififar F. 2015. Antidiabetic, antioxidant, and antilipid peroxidative activities of Dracocephalum polychaetum shoot extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: In vivo and in vitro studies. Pharmaceutical biology 54: 272-278.
31. Rechinger H. 1986. Labiatae in flora iranica. (Vol 150).Graz, Austria: Akademische Druck verlagsantalt, pp. 218-230. 32. Roelcke M, Han Y, Schleef KH, Zhu JG, Liu G, Cai ZC, Richter J. 2004. Recent trends and recommendations for nitrogen fertilization in intensive agriculture in eastern China. Pedosphere 14: 449-460. 33. Rostaei M, Fallah S, Lorigooini Z, Surki AA. 2018a. The effect of organic manure and chemical fertilizer on essential oil, chemical compositions and antioxidant activity of dill (Anethum graveolens) in sole and intercropped with soybean (Glycine max). Journal of Cleaner Production 199: 18-26. 34. Rostaei M, Fallah S, Lorigooini Z, Surki AA. 2018b. Crop productivity and chemical compositions of black cumin essential oil in sole crop and intercropped with soybean under contrasting fertilization. Industrial Crops and Products 125: 622-629 35. Rouached H, Arpat AB, Poirier Y. 2010. Regulation of phosphate starvation responses in plants: signaling players and cross-talks. Molecular Plant 3: 288-299. 36. Saeidnia S, Gohari AR, Uchiyama N, Ito M, Honda G, Kiuchi F. 2004. Two new monoterpene glycosides and trypanocidal terpenoids from Dracocephalum kotschyi. Chem Pharm bull 52: 1249-1250. 37. Saeidnia S, Gohari AR, Hadjiakhoondi A, Shafiee A. 2007. Bioactive compounds of the volatile oil of Dracocephalum kotschyi. Zeitschrift fur Naturforschung 62: 793-796. 38. Salehi A, Mehdi B, Fallah S, Kaul HP, Neugschwandtner RW. 2018. Productivity and nutrient use efficiency with integrated fertilization of buckwheat-fenugreek intercrops. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems 110: 407-425.
26 Int. J. Hort. Sci. Technol; Vol. 7, No. 1; March 2020
39. Schlegel AJ, Assefa Y, Bond HD, Wetter SM, Stone LR. 2015b. Corn response to long-term applications of cattle manure, swine effluent, and inorganic nitrogen fertilizer. Agronomy Journal 107: 1701-1710.
40. Schlegel AJ, Assefa Y, Bond HD, Wetter SM, Stone LR. 2015a. Soil physicochemical properties after 10 years of animal waste application. Soil Science Society of America Journal 79: 711-719. 41. Siddiqui Y, Islam TM, Naidu Y, Meon S. 2011. The conjunctive use of compost tea and inorganic fertilizer on the growth, yield and terpenoid content of Centella asiatica (L.) urban. Scientia Horticulturae 130, 289-295.
42. Singh K, Chand S, Yaseen M. 2014. Integrated nutrient management in Indian basil (Ocimum basilicum). Industrial Crops and Products 55: 225-229.
43. Taghizadeh M, Ghanati F, Nasibi F, Manouchehri Kalantari K. 2019. Evaluation of secondary metabolites and antioxidant activity in Dracocephalum polychaetum Bornm. cell suspension culture under magnetite
nanoparticles and static magnetic field elicitation. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture 132: 489–498.
44. Yaghoobi MM, Khaleghi M, Rezanejad H, Parsia P. 2018. Antibiofilm Activity of Dracocephalum polychaetum Extracton Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Avicenna Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infection 5: 72-78.
45. Yang TS, Liou ML, Hu TF, Peng CW, Liu TT. 2013. Antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Litsea cubeba oncariogenic bacteria. Journal of Essential Oil Research 25: 120- 128. 46. Yousefzadeh S, Modarres-Sanavy SAM, Sefidkon F, Asgarzadeh A, Ghalavand A, Sadat-Asilan K. 2013. Effects of Azocompost and urea on the herbage yield and contents and compositions of essential oils from two genotypes of dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica L.) in two regions of Iran. Food Chemistry 138: 1407–1413. 47. Yruela I. 2005. Copper in plants. Braz. Journal of Plant Physiology 17: 145-156.
)