Document Type : Research paper
Authors
Department of Horticultural Sciences, College of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of Nano-silver (NS), calcium chloride (CaCl2) and their combinations on Gerbera jamesonii ‘Carambole’ cut flowers. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design (CRD) with 10 treatments and four replications, with three flowers in each replication. Treatments consisted of 5 mg L-1 NS, 1% and 2% CaCl2, 5 mg L-1 NS+ 1% CaCl2, 5 mg L-1 NS + 2% CaCl2, 0.1% and 0.2% CaCl2, 5 mg L-1 NS + 0.1% CaCl2, 5 mg L-1 NS + 0.2% CaCl2 and a control. It was revealed that CaCl2 postharvest spray, NS in a vase solution, as well as their combinations could significantly increase the vase life of gerbera flowers. The longest postharvest life of treated flowers was obtained from 5 mg L-1 NS and 5 mg L-1 NS + 1% CaCl2 treatments. The highest solution uptake was observed in 5 mg L-1 NS, 5 mg L-1 NS + 2% CaCl2 and 5 mg L-1 NS +1% CaCl2 treatments. Furthermore, application of NS and CaCl2 resulted in a reduced loss of relative fresh weight. The application of CaCl2 alone was able to increase all mentioned traits; however, this increase was less than 5 mg L-1 NS, 5 mg L-1 NS + 1% CaCl2 and 5 mg L-1 NS + 2% CaCl2 treatments. Additionally, in vitro cultivation and microscopic counting of microorganisms showed that microorganism growth at the end of flowering stems had been largely restricted by using NS solely or in combination with CaCl2.
Keywords
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2. Altman, S.A. and T. Solomos. 1995. Differential Respiratory and Morphological Responses of Carnations Pulsed or Continuously Treated with Silver Thiosulfate. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 5:331-343.
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4. Bleeksma, H.C. and W.G. van Doorn. 2003. Embolism in Rose Stems as a Result of Vascular Occlusion by Bacteria. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 29:334-340.
5. Celikel, F.G. and M.S. Reid. 2002. Storage Temperature Affects the Quality of Cut Flowers from the Asteraceae. HortScience 37:148-150.
6. Chen, X. and H.J. Schluesener. 2008. Nanosilver: A Nanoproduct in Medical Application. Toxicol. Lett. 176:1-12.
7. Dubas, S.T., P. Kumlangdudsana and P. Potiyaraj. 2006. Layer-by-layer Deposition of Antimicrobial Silver Nanoparticles on Textile Fibers. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochem. Eng. Asp. 289:105-109.
8. Emongor, V.E. 2004. Effect of Gibberellic acid on Postharvest Quality and Vase Life of Gerbera Cut Flowers (Gerbera jamesonii L.). J. Agron. 3:191-195.
9. Feng, Q., J. Wu, G. Chen, F. Cui, T. Kim and J. Kim. 2000. A Mechanistic Study of the Antibacterial Effect of Silver Ions on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aurous. J. Biomed. Materials Res. 52:662-668.
10. Ferguson, I.B. 1984. Calcium in Plant Senescence and Fruit Ripening. Plant Cell. Environ. 7:477-89.
11. Ferguson, I.B. and B.K. Drobak. 1988. Calcium and the Regulation of Plant Growth and Senescence. HortScience 23:262-266.
12. Ferguson, I.B., M.S. Reid and R.J. Romani. 1985. Effects of Low Temperature and Respiratory Inhibitors on Calcium Flux in Plant Mitochondria. Plant Physiol. 77:877-880.
13. Furno, F., K.S. Morley, B. Wong, P.L. Arnold, S.M. Howdle, R. Bayston, P.D. Brown, P.D. Winship and H.J. Reid. 2004. Silver Nanoparticles and Polymeric Medical Devices, a New Approach to Prevention of Infection. J. Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 54:1019-1024.
14. Gerasopoulos, D. and B. Chelbi. 1999. Effects of pre- and postharvest calcium applications on the vase life of cut gerberas. J. Hort. Sci. Biotechnol. 74:78-81.
15. Halevy, A.H. and S. Mayak. 1981. Senescence and Postharvest Physiology of Cut-Flowers. Part 2. Hort. Rev. 3:59-143.
16. Hassan, F. 2005. Postharvest Studies on some Important Flower Crops. Ph.D. Diss., Corvinus University of Budapest, Hungary.
17. Ichimura, K., S. Yoshioka and H. Yumoto-Shimizu. 2008. Effects of Silver Thiosulfate Complex (STS), Sucrose and Combined Pulse Treatments on the Vase Life of Cut Snapdragon Flowers. Environ. Control Biol. 46:155-162.
18. Jain, P. and T. Pradeep. 2005. Potential of Silver Nanoparticle-Coated Polyurethane foam as an Antibacterial Water Filter. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 90:59-63.
19. Jiang, H., S. Manolache, A.C.L. Wong and F.S. Denes. 2004. Plasma-enhanced Deposition of Silver Nanoparticles on to Polymer and Metal Surfaces for the Generation of Antimicrobial Characteristics. J. Appl. Polymer Sci. 93:1411-1422.
20. Jowkar, M.M., A. Khalighi, M. Kafi and N. Hassanzade. 2013. Nano silver application impact as vase solution biocide on postharvest microbial and physiological properties of ‘Cherry Brandy’ rose. J. Food Agr. and Environ. 11:1045-1050.
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22. Kazemi, M., M. Aran and S. Zamani. 2011. Extending the vase life of lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum Mariachii cv. Blue) with different preservatives. Amer. J. Plant Physiol. 6:167-175.
23. Kim, J.H., A.K. Lee and J.K. Suh. 2005. Effect of certain pre-treatment substances on vase life and physiological character in Lilium spp. Acta Hort. 673:307-314.
24. Kim, Y. and J.S. Lee. 2002. Changes in bent neck, water balance and vase life of cut rose cultivars affected by preservative solution. J. Korean Soc. Hort. Sci. 43:201-207.
25. Konno, H., T. Yamaya, Y. Yamasaki and H. Matsumoto. 1984. Pectic polysaccharide breakdown of cell walls in cucumber roots growth with calcium starvation. Plant Physiol. 76:633-637.
26. Liu, J., S. He, Z. Zhang, J. Coa, P. Lv, S. He, G. Cheng and D.C. Joyce. 2009. Nano-silver pulse treatments inhibit stem-end bacteria on cut gerbera cv. Ruikou flowers. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 54:59-62.
27. Lok, C.N., C.M. Ho, R. Chen, Q.Y. He, W.Y. Yu, H.Z. Sun, P.K.H. Tam, J.F. Chiu and C.M. Che. 2007. Silver nanoparticles: Partial oxidation and antibacterial activities. J. Biol. Inorg. Chem. 12:527- 534.
28. Lü, P., J. Cao, S. He, J. Liu, H. Li, G. Cheng, Y. Ding and D. Joyce. 2010. Nano-silver pulse treatments improve water relations of cut rose cv. Movie Star flowers. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 57:196-202.
29. Marandi, R., A. Hassani, A. Abdollahian and S.Hanafi. 2011. Improvement of the vase life of cut gladiolus flowers by essential oils, salicylic acid and silver thiosulfate. J. Medicinal Plants Res. 5:5039-5043.
30. Mayak, S., A.M. Kofranek and T. Tirosh. 1978. The effect of inorganic salts on the senescence of Dianthus caryophyllus flowers. Physiol. Plant. 43:282-286.
31. Morones, J.R., J.L. Elechiguerra, A. Camacho, K. Holt, J.B. Kouri, T.J. Ramirez and M.J. Yacaman. 2005. The bacterial effect of silver nanoparticles. NanoTechnology 16:2346-2353.
32. Nabigol, A. 2012. Pre-harvest calcium sulphate application improves postharvest quality of cut rose flowers. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 11:1078-1083.
33. Nazari deljou, M.J., A. Khalighi, M. Arab and R. Karamian. 2011. Postharvest evaluation of vase life, stem bending and screening of cultivars of cut gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii Bolus ex. Hook f.) flowers. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 10(4):560-566.
34. Nikbakht, A., M. Kafi, M. Babalar, Y.P. Xia, A. Luo and N. Etemadi. 2008. Effect of humic acid on plant growth, nutrient uptake, and postharvest life of gerbera. J. Plant Nutr. 31:2155-2167.
35. Ohkawa, K., Y. Kasahara and J. Suh. 1999. Mobility and effects on vase life of silver containing compounds in cut rose flowers. HortScience 34:112-113.
36. Oraee, A., M. Kiani and E. Ganji Moghadam. 2010. Effects of nano-silver, silver thiosulfate, 8-hydroxy quinoline and some natural compounds on vase life of rose. Islamic Azad University Branch of Shirvan, Iran, M.Sc. thesis (in Persian).
37. Park, H.J., S.H. Kim, H.J. Kim and S.H. Choi. 2005. A new composition of nanosized silica–silver for control of various plant diseases. Plant Pathol. J. 22:295-302.
38. Poovaiah, B.W., G.M. Glenn and A.S.N. Reddy. 1988. Calcium and fruit softening: Physiology and biochemistry. Hort. Rev. 10:107-152.
39. Put, H.M.C. 1990. Microorganisms from freshly harvested cut flower stems and developing during the vase life of chrysanthemum, gerbera and rose cultivars. Scientia Hort. 43:129-144.
40. Russell, A.D. and W.B. Hugo. 1994. Antimicrobial activity and action of silver. Prog. Medicinal Chem. 31:351-370.
41. Siddiqui, S. and F. Bangerth. 1996. The effect of calcium infiltration on structural changes in cell walls of stored apples. J. Hort. Sci. 71:703-8.
42. Solgi, M., M. Kafi, T.S. Taghavi and R. Naderi. 2009. Essential oils and silver nanoparticles (SNP) as novel agents to extend vase-life of gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii cv. Dune) flowers. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 53:155-158.
43. Sosa Nan, S.J. 2007. Effects of pre- and
21. Joyce, D.C., S.A. Meara, S.E. Hetherington and P.N. Jones. 2000. Effects of cold storage on cut grevillea ‘Sylvia’ inflorescences. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 18:49-56.
22. Kazemi, M., M. Aran and S. Zamani. 2011. Extending the vase life of lisianthus (Eustoma grandiflorum Mariachii cv. Blue) with different preservatives. Amer. J. Plant Physiol. 6:167-175.
23. Kim, J.H., A.K. Lee and J.K. Suh. 2005. Effect of certain pre-treatment substances on vase life and physiological character in Lilium spp. Acta Hort. 673:307-314.
24. Kim, Y. and J.S. Lee. 2002. Changes in bent neck, water balance and vase life of cut rose cultivars affected by preservative solution. J. Korean Soc. Hort. Sci. 43:201-207.
25. Konno, H., T. Yamaya, Y. Yamasaki and H. Matsumoto. 1984. Pectic polysaccharide breakdown of cell walls in cucumber roots growth with calcium starvation. Plant Physiol. 76:633-637.
26. Liu, J., S. He, Z. Zhang, J. Coa, P. Lv, S. He, G. Cheng and D.C. Joyce. 2009. Nano-silver pulse treatments inhibit stem-end bacteria on cut gerbera cv. Ruikou flowers. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 54:59-62.
27. Lok, C.N., C.M. Ho, R. Chen, Q.Y. He, W.Y. Yu, H.Z. Sun, P.K.H. Tam, J.F. Chiu and C.M. Che. 2007. Silver nanoparticles: Partial oxidation and antibacterial activities. J. Biol. Inorg. Chem. 12:527- 534.
28. Lü, P., J. Cao, S. He, J. Liu, H. Li, G. Cheng, Y. Ding and D. Joyce. 2010. Nano-silver pulse treatments improve water relations of cut rose cv. Movie Star flowers. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 57:196-202.
29. Marandi, R., A. Hassani, A. Abdollahian and S.Hanafi. 2011. Improvement of the vase life of cut gladiolus flowers by essential oils, salicylic acid and silver thiosulfate. J. Medicinal Plants Res. 5:5039-5043.
30. Mayak, S., A.M. Kofranek and T. Tirosh. 1978. The effect of inorganic salts on the senescence of Dianthus caryophyllus flowers. Physiol. Plant. 43:282-286.
31. Morones, J.R., J.L. Elechiguerra, A. Camacho, K. Holt, J.B. Kouri, T.J. Ramirez and M.J. Yacaman. 2005. The bacterial effect of silver nanoparticles. NanoTechnology 16:2346-2353.
32. Nabigol, A. 2012. Pre-harvest calcium sulphate application improves postharvest quality of cut rose flowers. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 11:1078-1083.
33. Nazari deljou, M.J., A. Khalighi, M. Arab and R. Karamian. 2011. Postharvest evaluation of vase life, stem bending and screening of cultivars of cut gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii Bolus ex. Hook f.) flowers. Afr. J. Biotechnol. 10(4):560-566.
34. Nikbakht, A., M. Kafi, M. Babalar, Y.P. Xia, A. Luo and N. Etemadi. 2008. Effect of humic acid on plant growth, nutrient uptake, and postharvest life of gerbera. J. Plant Nutr. 31:2155-2167.
35. Ohkawa, K., Y. Kasahara and J. Suh. 1999. Mobility and effects on vase life of silver containing compounds in cut rose flowers. HortScience 34:112-113.
36. Oraee, A., M. Kiani and E. Ganji Moghadam. 2010. Effects of nano-silver, silver thiosulfate, 8-hydroxy quinoline and some natural compounds on vase life of rose. Islamic Azad University Branch of Shirvan, Iran, M.Sc. thesis (in Persian).
37. Park, H.J., S.H. Kim, H.J. Kim and S.H. Choi. 2005. A new composition of nanosized silica–silver for control of various plant diseases. Plant Pathol. J. 22:295-302.
38. Poovaiah, B.W., G.M. Glenn and A.S.N. Reddy. 1988. Calcium and fruit softening: Physiology and biochemistry. Hort. Rev. 10:107-152.
39. Put, H.M.C. 1990. Microorganisms from freshly harvested cut flower stems and developing during the vase life of chrysanthemum, gerbera and rose cultivars. Scientia Hort. 43:129-144.
40. Russell, A.D. and W.B. Hugo. 1994. Antimicrobial activity and action of silver. Prog. Medicinal Chem. 31:351-370.
41. Siddiqui, S. and F. Bangerth. 1996. The effect of calcium infiltration on structural changes in cell walls of stored apples. J. Hort. Sci. 71:703-8.
42. Solgi, M., M. Kafi, T.S. Taghavi and R. Naderi. 2009. Essential oils and silver nanoparticles (SNP) as novel agents to extend vase-life of gerbera (Gerbera jamesonii cv. Dune) flowers. Postharvest Biol. Technol. 53:155-158.
43. Sosa Nan, S.J. 2007. Effects of pre- and
longevity of sunflower (Helianthus annuus cv. Superior Sunset). M.Sc. Thesis, Louisiana State University, USA.
44. Sujatha, A., V. Singh and T.V.R.S. Sharma. 2003. Effect of chemical preservatives on enhancing vase-life of gerbera flowers. J. Trop. Agr. 41:56-58.
45. van Ieperen, W. 2007. Ion-mediated changes of xylem hydraulic resistance in plants: fact or fiction? Trends Plant Sci. 12:137-142.
46. van Ieperen, W., U. van Meeteren and A. van Gelder. 2000. Fluid ionic composition influences hydraulic conductance of xylem conduits. J. Expt. Bot. 51:769-776.
47. van Meteren, U. 1978. Water relations and keeping quality of cut gerbera flowers. Scientia Hort. 8:65-74.
48. van Meeteren, U., A. van Gelder, W. van Ieperen and C. Slootweg. 2001. Should we
reconsider the use of deionized water as control vase solution? Acta Hort. 543, 257-264.
49. Victoria, G.N., N. Marissen and U. van Meeteren. 2003. Effect of supplemental carbohydrates, pp. 549-554. In: A.V. Roberts, T. Debener and S. Gudin (eds.), Encyclopedia of Rose Science. Elsevier Academic Press, Oxford, UK.
50. Wernett, H.C., G.J. Wilfert, T.J. Sheehan, F.G. Marousky, P.M. Lyrene and D.A. Knauft. 1996. Postharvest longevity of cut flower gerbera in response to selection for vase life of components. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 121:216-221.
51. Zhang, Y., Z. Xian and X.Cheng. 2004. Effects of different preservative formulas on cut Gerbera jamesonii flower. Subtrop. Plant Sci. J.
1:2004-2010.
44. Sujatha, A., V. Singh and T.V.R.S. Sharma. 2003. Effect of chemical preservatives on enhancing vase-life of gerbera flowers. J. Trop. Agr. 41:56-58.
45. van Ieperen, W. 2007. Ion-mediated changes of xylem hydraulic resistance in plants: fact or fiction? Trends Plant Sci. 12:137-142.
46. van Ieperen, W., U. van Meeteren and A. van Gelder. 2000. Fluid ionic composition influences hydraulic conductance of xylem conduits. J. Expt. Bot. 51:769-776.
47. van Meteren, U. 1978. Water relations and keeping quality of cut gerbera flowers. Scientia Hort. 8:65-74.
48. van Meeteren, U., A. van Gelder, W. van Ieperen and C. Slootweg. 2001. Should we
reconsider the use of deionized water as control vase solution? Acta Hort. 543, 257-264.
49. Victoria, G.N., N. Marissen and U. van Meeteren. 2003. Effect of supplemental carbohydrates, pp. 549-554. In: A.V. Roberts, T. Debener and S. Gudin (eds.), Encyclopedia of Rose Science. Elsevier Academic Press, Oxford, UK.
50. Wernett, H.C., G.J. Wilfert, T.J. Sheehan, F.G. Marousky, P.M. Lyrene and D.A. Knauft. 1996. Postharvest longevity of cut flower gerbera in response to selection for vase life of components. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 121:216-221.
51. Zhang, Y., Z. Xian and X.Cheng. 2004. Effects of different preservative formulas on cut Gerbera jamesonii flower. Subtrop. Plant Sci. J.
1:2004-2010.
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