Environmental Factors and Soil Conditions Affect Brazilin Content in Caesalpinia sappan

Articles in Press

Document Type : Research paper

Authors

1 Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran

2 Depertment of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran

3 Master Program of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia.

4 Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia.

Abstract

Sappanwood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) is a valuable plant used in natural medicine, beverages, and dyes due to its bioactive compounds, particularly brazilin. This study examined the environmental and metabolite characteristics of C. sappan collected from four regions in Indonesia: Sumedang (SMD), Majalengka (MJK), Garut (GRT), and Purwodadi (PWD). Results indicated that environmental factors, such as light intensity and altitude, varied among locations and influenced metabolite synthesis, along with differences in soil chemical properties. GRT exhibited the highest nitrogen (0.22%) and organic carbon content (2.18%), while MJK and PWD showed lower levels. Secondary metabolite analysis revealed that GRT had the highest phenolic content (33.12 mg/g GAE), flavonoid content (13.76 mg/g QE), and antioxidant activity (80.32%). Brazilin content was also highest in GRT (0.0186 mg/g) and showed strong positive correlations with total phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity, underscoring its role in oxidative stress defense. Overall, this study highlights the environmental and biochemical determinants of brazilin biosynthesis in C. sappan, offering insights for optimizing its production through targeted agronomic management and breeding strategies. The findings are valuable for advancing value-added applications of sappanwood in natural medicine and the antioxidant industry.

Keywords

International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript
Available Online from 31 January 2027

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History

  • Receive Date: 17 June 2025
  • Revise Date: 26 October 2025
  • Accept Date: 08 November 2025

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