Environmental Factors and Soil Conditions Affect Brazilin Content in Caesalpinia sappan

Rosniawaty, Santi; Ariyanti, Mira; Farida, Farida; Rahman, Anisa Lugina; Mubarok, Syariful

doi:10.22059/ijhst.2025.395490.1093

Environmental Factors and Soil Conditions Affect Brazilin Content in Caesalpinia sappan

Document Type : Research paper

Authors

Santi Rosniawaty ¹

Mira Ariyanti ¹

Farida Farida ²

Anisa Lugina Rahman ³

Syariful Mubarok ⁴

¹ Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran

² Depertment of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran

³ Master Program of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia.

⁴ Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Padjadjaran, Indonesia.

10.22059/ijhst.2025.395490.1093

Abstract

Sappanwood (Caesalpinia sappan L.) is a valuable plant used in natural medicine, beverages, and dyes due to its bioactive compounds, particularly brazilin. This study examined the environmental and metabolite characteristics of C. sappan collected from four regions in Indonesia: Sumedang (SMD), Majalengka (MJK), Garut (GRT), and Purwodadi (PWD). Results indicated that environmental factors, such as light intensity and altitude, varied among locations and influenced metabolite synthesis, along with differences in soil chemical properties. GRT exhibited the highest nitrogen (0.22%) and organic carbon content (2.18%), while MJK and PWD showed lower levels. Secondary metabolite analysis revealed that GRT had the highest phenolic content (33.12 mg/g GAE), flavonoid content (13.76 mg/g QE), and antioxidant activity (80.32%). Brazilin content was also highest in GRT (0.0186 mg/g) and showed strong positive correlations with total phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity, underscoring its role in oxidative stress defense. Overall, this study highlights the environmental and biochemical determinants of brazilin biosynthesis in C. sappan, offering insights for optimizing its production through targeted agronomic management and breeding strategies. The findings are valuable for advancing value-added applications of sappanwood in natural medicine and the antioxidant industry.

Keywords

Brazilin Content

Environment

Indonesian Regions

Sappan Tree

Soil Condition