Ex-post Evaluation of Modern Almond Varieties through Propensity Score Matching Methods of Impact Assessment in Jammu and Kashmir

Articles in Press

Document Type : Research paper

Authors

1 Chandapora, Rajpora

2 SKUAST-Kashmir

10.22059/ijhst.2025.387096.988

Abstract

The United States, specifically California, leads the world in the production of almonds, accounting for more than 1.1 million metric tons in 2024–25. Other areas commercially producing almonds are the Middle East and European countries. In India, Jammu and Kashmir account for the largest portion of almond production, amounting to 4.50 metric tons in 2024–25. Domestic production cannot suffice to fulfill local and international demand. For this purpose, the government of India introduced modern almond varieties from other countries and popularized varieties developed by Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir (SKUAST-K). These efforts changed the nature of almond production in the region and improved its quality as well as flavor. A Propensity Score Matching (PSM) and Average Treatment Effect on Treated (ATTE) of 423 respondents' data were utilized to evaluate ex-post how modern almond varieties affected productivity and profitability in Jammu and Kashmir. The result indicated that modern almond plantations, with a spacing of 2×2.5m (2000 trees/ha), increased productivity and profitability manifolds by which farmers obtained a gross income of ₹85,649.86/ha on average. These varieties have improved income levels and the standard of living of farmers. The number of man-days per family increased, which is one indicator of positive impact in rural employment. These conclusions are potential to transform the farming landscape into modern almond farming in increasing exports and improving rural livelihoods.

Keywords

International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript
Available Online from 31 July 2026

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History

  • Receive Date: 16 December 2024
  • Revise Date: 25 May 2025
  • Accept Date: 26 May 2025

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