Morphological and Photosynthetic Responses of Kale (Brassica oleracea var. sabellica) Grown Under Different Light Conditions

Document Type : Research paper

Authors

1 Crops Science Department, College of Agriculture, Barili Campus, Cebu Technological University, Barili, Cebu, Philippines

2 Graduate School, College of Agriculture, Barili Campus, Cebu Technological University, Barili, Cebu, Philippines, Department of Agriculture Regional Field Office 7, DA-PATCO, Larena, Siquijor, Philippines

3 Municipal Agriculture Office, Tuburan, Cebu, Philippines

Abstract

Kale is known for its anticancer properties and is rich in nutrients. Light plays a major role in plant growth. This study determined the effects of different light conditions on kale in terms of morphological, yield, and physiological responses. The treatments used in this study were Ambient Light (AL) and 16:8 light-dark period schemes on Red LED (RL), Green LED (GL), and Blue LED (BL). The treatments were applied six days before harvest. Kale grown under GL and BL became the tallest, four times taller than the kale treated with AL. However, in terms of leaf length and width, AL resulted in the most significant values, compared to seedlings grown under controlled lighting. Regarding the yield response, no significant differences were noted on fresh weight, dry weight, and estimated yield. In terms of physiological responses, RL, GL, and BL increased the average vapor pressure deficit. In terms of the average photosynthetic rate, BL performed better than AL. However, AL caused a higher stomatal conductance compared to LED lights. The average transpiration rate showed improvements under RL. These results suggested that GL and BL are most suited for plant height development while AL enhance the number, length, and width of leaves. Moreover, when grown under BL, the photosynthetic rate increased. On the other hand, exposure to AL improved stomatal conductance. The increase in photosynthetic rate led to the production of more secondary metabolites such as glucosinolate. 

Keywords

References

Amitrano C, Rouphael Y, De Pascale S, De Micco V. 2021. Modulating vapor pressure deficit in the plant microenvironment may enhance the bioactive value of lettuce. Horticulturae 7(2), 32.
Bantis F, Karamanoli K, Ainalidou A, Radoglou K, Constantinidou HA. 2018. Light emitting diodes (LEDs) affect morphological, physiological and phytochemical characteristics of pomegranate seedlings. Scientia Horticulturae 234, 267-274.
Barber DA, Martin JK. 1976. The release of organic substances by cereal roots into soil. New Phytologist 76, 69-80.
Charron CS, Saxton AM, Sams CE. 2005. Relationship of climate and genotype to seasonal variation in the glucosinolate-myrosinase system. I. Glucosinolate content in ten cultivars of Brassica oleracea grown in fall and spring seasons. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 85, 671-681.
Che´e R. 1986. In vitro culture of Vitis: the effects of light spectrum, manganese sulfate and potassium iodide on morphogenesis. Plant Cell Tissue Organ Culture 1, 121-134.
Chen X, Li Y, Wang L, Yang Q, Guo W. 2022. Responses of butter leaf lettuce to mixed red and blue light with extended light/dark cycle period. Scientific Reports 12, 6924.
Chen XW, Liu SQ, Wang Y. 2014. Effects of different LED light qualities on growth, photosynthetic characteristics and nutritional quality of savoy. The Journal of Applied Ecology l (25), 1955-1962.
Coley PD, Massa M, Lovelock CE, Winter K. 2002. Effects of elevated CO2 on foliar chemistry of saplings of nine species of tropical tree. Oecologia 133, 62-69.
Dąbrowski P, Cetner MD, Samborska IA, Kalaji MH. 2015. Measuring light spectrum as a main indicator of artificial sources quality. Journal of Coastal Life Medicine 08, 400-406.
Folta KM, Maruhnich SA. 2007. Green light: a signal to slow down or stop. Journal of Experimental Botany 58(12), 3099-3111.
Goncalves MLA, Lemos M, Niero R, Andrade DFS, Maistro EL. 2012. Evaluation of the genotoxic and antigenotoxic potential of Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC. in different cells of mice. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 143(2), 740-745.
Grossiord C, Buckley TN, Cernusak LA, Novick KA, Poulter B, Siegwolf RTW, Sperry JS, McDowell NG. 2020. Plant responses to rising vapor pressure deficit. The New Phytologist 226(6), 1550-1566.
Hernández R, Kubota C. 2016. Physiological responses of cucumber seedlings under different blue and red photon flux ratios using LEDs. Environmental and Experimental Botany 121, 66-74.
Hogewoning SW, Trouwborst G, Maljaars H, Poorter H, Van Ieperen W, Harbinson J. 2010. Blue light dose– responses of leaf photosynthesis, morphology, and chemical composition of Cucumis sativus grown under different combinations of red and blue light. Journal of Experimental Botany 61(11), 3107-3117.
Ishida M, Hara M, Fukino N, Kakizaki T, Morimitsu Y. 2014. Glucosinolate metabolism, functionality and breeding for the improvement of brassicaceae vegetables. Breeding Science 64(1), 48-59.
Justen VL, Fritz VA. 2013. Temperature-induced glucosinolate accumulation is associated with expression of BrMYB transcription factors. Hortscience 48, 47-52.
Kim HH, Goins GD, Wheeler RM, Sager JC. 2004. Stomatal conductance of lettuce grown under or exposed to different light qualities. Annals of Botany 94(5), 691-697.
Klaiber J, Dorn S, Najar-Rodriguez A. 2013. Acclimation to elevated CO2 increases constitutive glucosinolate levels of Brassica plants and affects the performance of specialized herbivores from contrasting feeding guilds. Journal of Chemical Ecology 39(5), 653-65.
Klein RM. 1992. Effects of green light on biological systems. Biological Reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 67, 199-284.
Li J, Li G, Wang H, Wang Deng X. 2011. Phytochrome signaling mechanisms. The Arabidopsis Book.
Lemos M, Santin JR, Junior KCL, Niero R, De Andrade SF. 2011. Gastroprotective activity of hydroalcoholic extract obtained from the leaves of Brassica oleracea var. acephala DC in different animal models. Journal of Ethnopharmacology 138(2), 503-507.
Ma G, Zhang L, Kato M, Yamawaki K, Kiriiwa Y, Yahata M, Ikoma Y, Matsumoto H. 2012. Effect of blue and red LED light irradiation on β-cryptoxanthin accumulation in the flavedo of citrus fruits. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry 60(1), 197-201.
Manivannan A, Soundararajan P, Halimah N, Ko CH, Jeong BR. 2014. Blue LED light enhances growth, phytochemical contents, and antioxidant enzyme activities of Rehmannia glutinosa cultured in vitro. Horticulture, Environment and Biotechnology 56, 105- 113.
Matthews JSA, Vialet-Chabrand S, Lawson T. 2018. Acclimation to fluctuating light impacts the rapidity of response and diurnal rhythm of stomatal conductance. Plant Physiology 176(3), 1939-195.
Ming W, Jia-le S, Yuan R, Zhen Z, Bo Q, Zhong-yu G, Fangfang L, Qi-qi P. 2019. Preventive effects of purple brassica vegetables ethanolic extracts in DSS induced mice colitis. Modern Food Science and Technology 35(9), 153-162.
Monostori I, Heilmann M, Kocsy G, Rakszegi M, Ahres M, Altenbach S, Szalai G, Pál M, Toldi D, Sarkadi SL, Harnos N, Galiba G, Darkó É. 2018. LED lighting – modification of growth, metabolism, yield and flour composition in wheat by spectral quality and intensity. Frontiers in Plant Science 9, 605.
Moss GI. 1969. Influence of temperature and photoperiod on flower induction and inflorescence development in sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck). Journal of Horticultural Science 44(4), 311- 320.
Muneer S, Kim EJ, Park JS, Lee JH. 2014. Influence of green, red and blue light emitting diodes on multiprotein complex proteins and photosynthetic activity under different light intensities in lettuce leaves (Lactuca sativa L.). International Journal of Molecular Sciences 15(3), 4657-4670.
Naznin T, Lefsrud M, Gravel V, Azad M. 2019. Blue light added with red LEDs enhance growth characteristics, pigments content, and antioxidant capacity in lettuce, spinach, kale, basil, and sweet pepper in a controlled environment. Plants 8(4), 93.
Nguyen TPD, Tran TTH, Nguyen QT. 2019. Effects of light intensity on the growth, photosynthesis and leaf microstructure of hydroponic cultivated spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) under a combination of red and blue LEDs in house. International Journal of Agricultural Technology 15, 75-90.
Niu Y, Chen T, Zhao C, Zhou M. 2021. Improving crop lodging resistance by adjusting plant height and stem strength. Agronomy 11(12), 2421.
Olle M, Virsilė A. 2013. The effects of light-emitting diode lighting on greenhouse plant growth and quality. Agricultural Food Science 22, 223-234.
Pagare S, Bhatia M, Tripathi N, Pagare S, Bansal YK. 2015. Secondary metabolites of plants and their role: overview. Current Trends in Biotechnology and Pharmacy 9(3), 293-304.
Pascual PR, Mosaleeyanon K, Romyamom K, Kirdmanee C. 2012. Response of in vitro cultured palm oil seedling under saline condition to elevated carbon dioxide and photosynthetic photon flux density. Annals of Tropical Research 34(1), 52-64.
Pérez-Balibrea S, Moreno DA, García-Viguera C. 2008. Influence of light on health-promoting phytochemicals of broccoli sprouts. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 88(5), 904-910.
Rahman MM, Field DL, Ahmed SM, Hasan MT, Basher MK, Alameh K. 2021. LED illumination for high-quality high-yield crop growth in protected cropping environments. Plants 10(11), 2470.
Randall WC, Lopez RG. 2014. Comparison of supplemental lighting from high-pressure sodiumlamps and light-emitting diodes during bedding plant seedling production. American Society for Horticultural Science 49(5), 589-595.
Riches M, Lee D, Farmer DK. 2020. Simultaneous leaflevel measurement of trace gas emissions and photosynthesis with a portable photosynthesis system. Atmospheric Measurement Techniques 13, 4123-4139.
Richter G, Wessel K. 1985. Red light inhibits blueinduced chloroplast development in cultured plant cells at the mRNA level. Plant Molecular Biology 5, 175- 182.
Runkle Erik. 2013. Manipulating light quality to elicit desirable plant growth and flowering responses. IFAC Proceedings 1, 196-200.
Schonhof I, Kläring HP, Krumbein A, Claußen W, Schreiner M. 2007. Effect of temperature increase under low radiation conditions on phytochemicals and ascorbic acid in greenhouse grown broccoli. Agriculture Ecosystems & Environment 119(1-2), 103- 111.
Schrieber K, Gluesing S, Peters L, Eichert B, Althoff M, Schwarz K, Erfmeier A, Demetrowitsch T. 2022. A metabolomic view on local climate adaptation: latitudinal divergence of heat and drought responses in a coastal plant. BioRxiv.
Snowden MC. 2015. Effects of blue and green light on plant growth and development at low and high photosynthetic photon flux. All Graduate Theses and Dissertations Date Accessed: October 2022.
Talbott LD, Rahveh E, Zeiger E. 2003. Relative humidity is a key factor in the acclimation of the stomatal response to CO2. Journal of Experimental Botany 54, 2141-2147.
Will RE, Wilson SM, Zou CB, Hennessey TC. 2013. Increased vapor pressure deficit due to higher temperature leads to greater transpiration and faster mortality during drought for tree seedlings common to the forest-grassland ecotone. New Phytologist 200(2), 366-374.
Yan Z, Wang L, Wang Y, Chu Y, Lin D, Yang Y. 2021. Morphological and physiological properties of greenhouse-grown cucumber seedlings as influenced by supplementary light-emitting diodes with same daily light integral. Horticulturae 7, 361.
Yeh N, Chung JP. 2009. High-brightness LEDs – energy efficient lighting sources and their potential in indoor plant cultivation. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 13, 2175-2180.
Zanoria J, Enojada G, Pascual P, Mosaleeyanon K. 2021. Morphological and photosynthetic responses of in vitro culture of India echinacea (Andrographis paniculata) to light spectrum and carbon sources. Agrikultura CRI Journal 1, 46-55.
Zervoudakis G, Salachas G, Kaspiris G, Konstantopoulou E. 2012. Influence of light intensity on growth and physiological characteristics of common sage (Salvia officinalis L.). Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 55, 89-95.
Zhang G, Li Z, Cheng J, Cai X, Cheng F, Yang Y, Yan Z. 2022. Morphological and physiological traits of greenhousegrown tomato seedlings as influenced by supplemental white plus red versus red plus blue LEDs. Agronomy 12(10), 2450.
International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology
Volume 10, Special issue (Light in horticulture)
Special issue :Impact of light on crop production and quality
Dr. Sasan Aliniaeifard, Guest Editor, Photosynthesis and Light Response, Department of Horticulture, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran, aliniaeifard@ut.ac.ir
December 2023
Pages 89-96

Files

History

  • Receive Date: 22 February 2023
  • Revise Date: 25 March 2023
  • Accept Date: 27 May 2023

Share

How to cite

Statistics