Nafiseh Geshnizjany; Asghar Ramezanian; Morteza Khosh-Khui
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of Nano-silver (NS), calcium chloride (CaCl2) and their combinations on Gerbera jamesonii ‘Carambole’ cut flowers. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design (CRD) with 10 treatments and four replications, with three ...
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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of Nano-silver (NS), calcium chloride (CaCl2) and their combinations on Gerbera jamesonii ‘Carambole’ cut flowers. The experiment was conducted as a completely randomized design (CRD) with 10 treatments and four replications, with three flowers in each replication. Treatments consisted of 5 mg L-1 NS, 1% and 2% CaCl2, 5 mg L-1 NS+ 1% CaCl2, 5 mg L-1 NS + 2% CaCl2, 0.1% and 0.2% CaCl2, 5 mg L-1 NS + 0.1% CaCl2, 5 mg L-1 NS + 0.2% CaCl2 and a control. It was revealed that CaCl2 postharvest spray, NS in a vase solution, as well as their combinations could significantly increase the vase life of gerbera flowers. The longest postharvest life of treated flowers was obtained from 5 mg L-1 NS and 5 mg L-1 NS + 1% CaCl2 treatments. The highest solution uptake was observed in 5 mg L-1 NS, 5 mg L-1 NS + 2% CaCl2 and 5 mg L-1 NS +1% CaCl2 treatments. Furthermore, application of NS and CaCl2 resulted in a reduced loss of relative fresh weight. The application of CaCl2 alone was able to increase all mentioned traits; however, this increase was less than 5 mg L-1 NS, 5 mg L-1 NS + 1% CaCl2 and 5 mg L-1 NS + 2% CaCl2 treatments. Additionally, in vitro cultivation and microscopic counting of microorganisms showed that microorganism growth at the end of flowering stems had been largely restricted by using NS solely or in combination with CaCl2.
Abdolhossein Aboutalebi Jahromi; Mehdi Hosseini Farahi
Abstract
Marigold has special importance and application in landscape designing. Nowadays, various species and cultivars of this plant are grown in many climates, where different environmental stresses such as freezing, salinity and drought can lead to vegetative disorders. This study was carried out to investigate ...
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Marigold has special importance and application in landscape designing. Nowadays, various species and cultivars of this plant are grown in many climates, where different environmental stresses such as freezing, salinity and drought can lead to vegetative disorders. This study was carried out to investigate the interactions between salinity and ammonium nitrate on seed germination, vegetative growth and sodium and potassium concentrations in French marigold flowers (Tegeta patula). The experiment was conducted as a factorial arrangement based on a completely randomized design with two factors: salinity (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 mmos cm-1) and ammonium nitrate (0, 15 and 30 g l-1) with four replications. Based on the obtained results, different salinity concentrations were negatively influenced all studied parameters except germination rate. The application of ammonium nitrate recovered the studied parameters to the same level as the control plants. Plant height was decreased by increasing salinity concentrations. The tallest plant was observed in the control treatments. Salinity levels negatively influenced shoot fresh weight. Different levels of ammonium nitrate had significant effects on root dry weight and potassium and sodium contents. Ammonium nitrate led to reductions in root dry weight and potassium content, and an enhancement in sodium content in the shoot. Sodium and potassium levels were increased and root dry weight was decreased by increasing salinity. Enhancement of potassium ions in the marigold following salinity stress can improve its tolerance to salinity stress.
Hashem Kazemzadeh-Beneh; Nasser Mahna; Ebrahim Safari; Fariborz Zaare-Nahandi; Alireza Motallebiazar
Abstract
Plant cell cultures could be used as an important tool for biochemical production, ranging from natural pigments to pharmaceutical products. Anthocyanin is affected by a variety of factors. Light, an important plant environmental factor, influences the anthocyanin production in vegetative plant tissues. ...
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Plant cell cultures could be used as an important tool for biochemical production, ranging from natural pigments to pharmaceutical products. Anthocyanin is affected by a variety of factors. Light, an important plant environmental factor, influences the anthocyanin production in vegetative plant tissues. Here, we have investigated the influence of the blue laser-diode (BLD) and red laser-He Ne (RLHN) irradiation on the ability of apple cells in producing anthocyanin in suspension culture. Callus was induced from young leaf of apple and cell suspension cultures were subsequently formed from calluses. The normal cell suspension into L-shape tube test exposed to RLHN (6.46, 4.82, 1.54 mWcm-2 and 666.66 μWcm-2) and BLD(67.09, 32.74, 30.4, 13.73 mWcm-2) laser radiation for 20 min. Results showed that theanthocyanin production was enhanced significantly by both RLHN and BRD compared withdarkness and fluorescent light cells (P<0.05). The cell cultures exposed to 67.09 BLD and6.46 RLHN indicated highest total anthocyanin (TA) and total monomeric anthocyanin(TMA) contents, while cell cultures exposed to darkness and fluorescent light revealed lowestTA and TAM content, respectively. In addition, we have found that RLHN nearly increasedTA content as well as BLD. However, the BLD laser was more effective on TAM contentthan RLHN laser. At the minimum intensity, the RLHN laser could enhance TA contentwhereas scarcely affecting TMA content. Nevertheless, the BLD laser improved both TA andTMA contents. These results suggest that TAM production is impressed by quantity morethan quality by laser irradiation.
Hossein Shahmoradi; Davood Naderi
Abstract
To investigate the positive effects of salicylic acid (SA) on morphological and biochemical traits of salinity stress-imposed winter jasmine, an experiment was conducted in a research greenhouse. The experiment was conducted using a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with four ...
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To investigate the positive effects of salicylic acid (SA) on morphological and biochemical traits of salinity stress-imposed winter jasmine, an experiment was conducted in a research greenhouse. The experiment was conducted using a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with four levels of salinity stress (2, 4, 6, and 8 dS.m-1) as the first factor and different levels of SA plant hormone (control, 181 and 362 μM) as the second factor in three replications. The results showed that spraying SA on winter jasmine plants, significantly improved all studied traits such as plant height, internode distance, fresh and dry weights, flower number, flower diameter, content of protein, POD and SOD enzyme activities. The positive effects of SA was concentration dependent. Salinity stress increased the activity of peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzymes compared to 2 dS.m-1 salt treatment. The highest enzymatic activities were observed at 8 dS m-1. In general, according to the obtained results, it can be concluded that foliar application of SA on the plants, has the potential to reduce the negative effects of salinity stress on winter jasmine.
Seyed Javad Sanei; Seyed Esmael Razavi
Abstract
Verticillium dahliae Kleb. the causal agent of vascular wilt is an important pathogen of olive trees in growing areas of the world. Nine-month-old nursery olives including ‘Bladi’, ‘Conservalia’, ‘Kalamon’, ‘Koroneiki’, ‘Manzanilla’, ‘Mission’, ...
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Verticillium dahliae Kleb. the causal agent of vascular wilt is an important pathogen of olive trees in growing areas of the world. Nine-month-old nursery olives including ‘Bladi’, ‘Conservalia’, ‘Kalamon’, ‘Koroneiki’, ‘Manzanilla’, ‘Mission’, ‘Marry’, ‘Picual’, ‘Rowghani’, ‘Sevillana’ and ‘Zard’ cultivars were root-dip inoculated with a defoliating (VCG1) isolate of V. dahliae obtained from diseased olives. Resistance was evaluated by assessing symptom severity using 0-4 rating scale and estimating the area under disease progress curves. The percentage of plants killed and final mean severity of symptoms were used as additional parameters for classifying the cultivars. Most of the tested cultivars were susceptible or highly susceptible to Verticillium wilt. However, two genotypes ‘Kalamon’ and ‘Koroneiki’ exhibited high resistance or resistance to this disease. Vegetative growth was reduced in inoculated plants due to infections caused by V. dahliae, although the reduction was remarkably higher in susceptible than in resistantcultivars. Correlation coefficient analyses revealed a negative relation between disease severity and vegetative growth. Dendrogram of olive cultivars based on all parameters represented two main clusters, major and minor. Minor cluster comprised only ‘Kalamon’ and ‘Koroneiki’ cultivars as resistant to V. dahliae. The major cluster could be divided into two groups, exhibiting extremely susceptible or susceptible reaction to V. dahliae.
Tahereh Raiesi; Bijan Moradi; Javad Fatahi Moghadam
Abstract
Kiwifruit requires a high quantity of nutrients that must be supplied through fertilization to obtain an optimum yield on a sustainable basis. This research was conducted to evaluate different fertilization methods including broadcast application (as control), deep placement of the fertilizer and fertigation, ...
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Kiwifruit requires a high quantity of nutrients that must be supplied through fertilization to obtain an optimum yield on a sustainable basis. This research was conducted to evaluate different fertilization methods including broadcast application (as control), deep placement of the fertilizer and fertigation, alone or in combination with foliar application and their effects on the yield, leaf mineral contents, and some quality properties of kiwifruit (A. deliciosa cv. Hayward). Results showed that fertilization methods had a significant effect on yield and the highest level of yield (76 Kg tree-1) was obtained in the combination of fertigation with foliar spray. In addition, foliar application significantly increased leaf mineral contents of kiwifruit in all treatments. Furthermore, the fertilization method had significant effects on phenol, ascorbic acid contents, and antioxidant capacity of fruits. The highest levels of antioxidant (70.9%), phenol (103.6 mg 100g-1), and ascorbic acid (54.2 mg 100 g-1) in fruits were recorded in ‘soil application’ method. Total soluble carbohydrate and starch contents of the fruits were reduced following foliar nutrition in all treatments. However, foliar nutrition significantly increased fruit crude protein. In conclusion, based on obtained results, fertilization method directly influenced the yield and leaf mineral status and indirectly influenced the fruit chemical composition of Hayward kiwifruit. In fact, the supplemental foliar application reduced some fruit quality attributes (lower antioxidant activity and carbohydrate content) but enhanced the yield of kiwifruit.
Ali Saebi; Saeid Minaei; Ali Reza Mahdavian; Mohammad-Taghi Ebadi
Abstract
The amount of active compounds of medicinal plants (e.g. essential oil) varies in different plant parts. Thus, it is important to harvest those parts containing the highest levels of active compounds. In the present study the effect of harvest height on quantity and quality of Hyssopus officinalis was ...
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The amount of active compounds of medicinal plants (e.g. essential oil) varies in different plant parts. Thus, it is important to harvest those parts containing the highest levels of active compounds. In the present study the effect of harvest height on quantity and quality of Hyssopus officinalis was investigated based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments included four harvest heights including 15, 25, 35, and 45 cm (in basipetal order) and the residual stalks. After measuring the essential oil, the component values analyzed by GC and GC/MS. Regarding essential oil content (% v/w), yield and dry matter of different heights, the 15 cm height had the highest amount of essential oil (1.02±0.01%) and the lowest yield (2.17±0.13 g/m2) and dry matter (213.72±15.32 g/m2). On the contrary, the 45 cm height had the lowest amount of essential oil (0.75±0.01%) and the highest yield (5.7±0.57 g/m2) and dry matter (757.52±63.5 g/m2). For all harvest heights, cis-pinocamphone (53.93-44.6%), β-pinene (15.33-12.5%) and trans-pinocamphone (12.2-8.17%) had the highest levels among the compounds of the essential oil. The findings obtained from present study revealed that, if the quality is the matter, the essential oil extracted from the top 15 cm had the highest quality and purity although it was less in quantity.
Mohammad Hossein Azimi; Zahra Tahernezhad; Mohammad Javad Zamani
Abstract
Iris belongs toIridaceae family and it is monocotyledon. Iris is one of the important ornamental and medicinal plants. 34 iris genotypes (14 species) collected from different provinces of Iran were planted at National Institute of Ornamental Plants (NIOP) Iran. All of the species evaluated for 15 quantitative ...
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Iris belongs toIridaceae family and it is monocotyledon. Iris is one of the important ornamental and medicinal plants. 34 iris genotypes (14 species) collected from different provinces of Iran were planted at National Institute of Ornamental Plants (NIOP) Iran. All of the species evaluated for 15 quantitative traits and 30 qualitative traits. Results showed that the highest positive correlation was between inner tepal length and width and the lowest of this correlation was between crest length and width. Cluster analysis using Ward similarity coefficient divided Iris species into three clusters. Also the highest Nei’s genetic distance based on qualitative traits was between I. iberica and I. fosterana and the lowest was between I. germanica and I. paradoxa. The maximum genetic diversity was in Khorasan Razavi populations, and the minimum was in Khorasan (North). According to Shannon index, I. spuria and I. germanica species had the maximum level of genetic diversity. Cluster analysis according to qualitative traits by Jaccard similarity coefficient and UPGMA classified the 34 genotypes into four groups. Classification of populations based on quantitative traits was not similar to classification based on qualitative traits and they were not similar to geographical distribution.
Ali Pourkhaloee; Morteza Khosh-Khui
Abstract
Two separate factorial experiments were conducted to study the effects of explant sources, plant growth regulators, sucrose concentrations, and light conditions on in vitro cormlet formation of freesia (Freesia ×hybrida Bailey 'Argenta'). Interestingly, it was observed that the pupae had lower ...
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Two separate factorial experiments were conducted to study the effects of explant sources, plant growth regulators, sucrose concentrations, and light conditions on in vitro cormlet formation of freesia (Freesia ×hybrida Bailey 'Argenta'). Interestingly, it was observed that the pupae had lower contamination levels compared to mother corms. Using 40% sodium hypochlorite solution for 40 min, contamination levels of pupae and mother corms reduced to 19.80 and 46.40%, respectively. Moreover, pupae showed the highest regeneration frequency. In the first experiment, 6.67 cormlets were directly produced per pupa (cold storage-produced corm) on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 6 mg L-1 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), 1 mg L-1 6-benzylaminopurine (BA), and 60 g L-1 sucrose, when cultures were stored in the dark. In the second experiment, on average, 5.67 shoots were proliferated per pupa explant in the presence of 4 mg L-1 BA and 2 mg L-1 Kinetin (Kin). Subculturing these shoots on MS medium containing 3 mg L-1 BA and 0.5 mg L-1 NAA led to production of 3.67 cormlets per shoot. Finally, in vitro derived cormlets showed the highest percentage of rooting (77.80%), root number (8.33), and root length (2.13 cm) on MS medium containing 1 mg L-1 indole-3-butyric acid (IBA).
Sahar Aminkar; Abdolali Shojaeiyan; Sajad Rashidi Monfared; Mahdi Ayyari
Abstract
In this study, a sensitive, accurate and reproducible high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for determination of diosgenin from fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) leaves in 22 ecotypes of Iranian fenugreek. The obtained results showed that the highest concentration of diosgenin ...
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In this study, a sensitive, accurate and reproducible high performance liquid chromatographic method was developed for determination of diosgenin from fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) leaves in 22 ecotypes of Iranian fenugreek. The obtained results showed that the highest concentration of diosgenin with 23.8 mg g-1dw was found in Boshruyeh ecotype. While, Mashhad ecotype with 3.51 mg g-1dw diosgenin contained the lowest concentration of diosgenin. The method employed in current study confirmed significant variations in the diosgenin concentration in Iranian fenugreek. Therefore, Iranian fenugreek can be considered as a new potential crop and source of diosgenin in the pharmaceutical industry.
Mohammadmehdi Norozi; Babak ValizadehKaji; Rouhollah Karimi; Mohammadali Nikoogoftar Sedghi
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of foliar applications of potassium and zinc on the fruit yield and quality as well as leaf nutrient concentrations of pistachio cv. ‘Chrokeh’. The experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized block design with nine treatments ...
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The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of foliar applications of potassium and zinc on the fruit yield and quality as well as leaf nutrient concentrations of pistachio cv. ‘Chrokeh’. The experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized block design with nine treatments and three replications per treatment. Treatments were three levels of K2SO4 (0, 1 and 2%) and three levels of ZnSO4 (0, 0.5 and 1%). The nutrition solutions were sprayed on trees at two times (bud swell stage and green tip stage) in 2017–2018. Based on the obtained results, nutrient treatments especially 1% K2SO4+1% ZnSO4 and 2% K2SO4+1% ZnSO4 caused a significant increase in chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid contents. Application of K2SO4 and ZnSO4 significantly affected concentrations of P, K, Mg, Zn, Mn and Fe in the leaves of ‘Chrokeh’ pistachio, whereas nutrient treatments had no significant effect on leaf concentration of N. Nutrient treatments especially 2% K2SO4+1% ZnSO4 led to significant increases in the fresh (up to 65%) and dry (up to 67%) yield when compared with the control trees. Moreover, nutrient applications had a significant effect on the percentage of splitting (an 11 % increase) and blankness (a 26% decrease). It can be concluded that foliar application of K and Zn fertilizers is necessary for obtaining better fruit yield and quality in pistachio.
Davood Naderi; Esmaeil Mahmoudi
Abstract
Cucumis melo L. is one of the most economically important horticultural crops worldwide. However, low plant regeneration frequency of this plant during genetic transformation is the major hurdle for applying biotechnological approaches. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate ...
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Cucumis melo L. is one of the most economically important horticultural crops worldwide. However, low plant regeneration frequency of this plant during genetic transformation is the major hurdle for applying biotechnological approaches. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of 6-benzyladenine (BA), cefotaxime (CTX), kanamycin (KAN), and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) on the regeneration of cotyledonary petioles generated from 6-day-old in vitro grown seedlings. Results showed that application of 1.5 mgl-1 BA plus 250 mgl-1 CTX and 1 mgl-1 BA with 1000 mgl-1 CTX formed the most efficient media for plant regeneration. The highest callus production was recorded on medium containing 1 mgl-1 BA with 250 mgl-1 CTX and 1.5 mgl-1 BA with 750 mgl-1 CTX. Medium containing 500 mgl-1 CTX plus 0.1 mgl-1 IAA efficiently induced both root \ and leaf formation. All regenerated plants were died by adding 100 mgl-1 kanamycin therefore this level considered as threshold level for kanamycin application.. Overall, the results indicated that presence of BA plays an essential role for melon regeneration and cefotaxime can be considered as an auxiliary agent.
Ali Akbar Ghasemi Soluklui; Ahmad Ershadi; Zia eldin Tabatabaee; Esmaeil Fallahi
Abstract
Freezing injury is an important limiting factor in the production of pomegranate in Iran.The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of paclobutrazol (PBZ) on cold hardiness of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cv. ‘Malas Saveh’. Different concentrations of PBZ including 0 (control), ...
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Freezing injury is an important limiting factor in the production of pomegranate in Iran.The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of paclobutrazol (PBZ) on cold hardiness of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cv. ‘Malas Saveh’. Different concentrations of PBZ including 0 (control), 31, 62, 125 or 250 mg L–1 were sprayed on one-year-old plants in August and the electrolyte leakage of their stems was measured at three acclimation stages (November, January, and March). PBZ treatments, especially at 125 and 250 mg L–1 concentrations increased cold hardiness, and corresponding soluble carbohydrates and proline contents. The highest variation in freezing tolerance was observed between control and PBZ-treated plants in January, and the lowest found in November. Irrespective of PBZ treatment, correlations between cold hardiness and soluble carbohydrate concentrations were stronger, compared to proline. Soluble carbohydrates were higher in January, associated with deep dormancy, whereas the maximum proline content was detected in March, at deacclimation stage. Results suggest that PBZ application can reduce low temperature-induced dysfunction of cell membrane through increasing soluble carbohydrates and proline contents.
Fatemeh Ranjbari; Farid Moradinezhad; Mehdi Khayyat
Abstract
Pomegranate is a subtropical fruit that is widely consumed as fresh fruit and juice, however, its postharvest life is limited mainly due to storage disorders. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of nitric oxide (NO) on antioxidant activity and quality attributes of pomegranate fruit. The ...
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Pomegranate is a subtropical fruit that is widely consumed as fresh fruit and juice, however, its postharvest life is limited mainly due to storage disorders. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of nitric oxide (NO) on antioxidant activity and quality attributes of pomegranate fruit. The fruits were dipped for two minutes into different NO concentrations (0, 30, 100, 300 or 1000 µM). Then, the fruits were stored in cold room at 5 °C and RH 85%. After 90 days storage, changes in chilling injury, electrolyte leakage, titratable acidity (TA), total soluble solids (TSS), pH, antioxidant activity and total anthocyanin were evaluated. The results showed that 1000 µM NO application resulted in significant decrease in electrolyte leakage and TSS and maintained antioxidant activity and total anthocyanin in pomegranate fruit. However, no significant effect of NO treatment was observed on TA and chilling injury index. In conclusion, postharvest application of NO may be a promising method for maintaining quality of pomegranate fruit during cold storage.
Mahmood Izadi; Ali Reza Shahsavar
Abstract
Date bunch fading disorder (DBFD) has been one of the major issues facing date palm growers in recent decades. This order has caused high and non-compensable losses to date palm product. Despite numerous studies, predominantly focusing on the causes and mitigation methods of this disorder, no precise ...
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Date bunch fading disorder (DBFD) has been one of the major issues facing date palm growers in recent decades. This order has caused high and non-compensable losses to date palm product. Despite numerous studies, predominantly focusing on the causes and mitigation methods of this disorder, no precise influencing factors have been established and practices which can completely control it are not available. Increased temperature and low RH have been mentioned as factors responsible for inducing this disorder, other probable factors are biotic stresses, especially fungal infections. Present research was carried out to determine the effects of climatic factors on DBFD occurrence. For this purpose, ten orchards of ‘Kabkab’ cultivar of date palm with a history of previous symptoms of DBFD were selected in Bushehr province during 2012-13. 20 trees in each orchard were selected and 100 fruits on each tree were chosen. Numbers of faded and non-faded fruits were counted and disorder percentage was calculated. The daily meteorological data at meteorological stations near the experimental locations were recorded. Results showed that the damage rate was higher in the first year compared to the second one. Furthermore, in 2013, there was a decrease in temperature and concomitant increase in relative humidity from 2012. This condition leads to excess surface evaporation from the fruits and causes fruit wilting, which is referred to as DBFD.
Hashem Kazemzadeh-Beneh; Nasser Mahna; Ebrahim Safari; Alireza Motallebi-Azar
Abstract
Light is an effective factor in cell suspension culture and must be controlled for optimizing cell growth. Growth of anthocyanin producing suspension cells of a red-fleshed genotype of apple (RFA) was assessed in response to blue diode laser (BDL) and red He Ne (RHNL) laser. The suspension cells in L-shaped ...
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Light is an effective factor in cell suspension culture and must be controlled for optimizing cell growth. Growth of anthocyanin producing suspension cells of a red-fleshed genotype of apple (RFA) was assessed in response to blue diode laser (BDL) and red He Ne (RHNL) laser. The suspension cells in L-shaped test tubes were exposed to short-term laser radiation for 20 min in a rotary shaker. The fresh cell weight (FCW), dry cell weight (DCW), cell volume after sedimentation (CVS), cell number (CN) and cell viability (CV) as criteria of cell growth were recorded at 0, 4, 8, 12 days during cell culture. The cell growth was negatively affected in response to BDL and RHNL compared to control and darkness, respectively. The FCW and DCW was enhanced by BDL whereas were not affected by RHNL. Also, only 30.4 mWcm-2 intensity of BDL could increase CVS in RFA cells. Changes in CN were not displayed by RHNL and BDL. BDL more than RHNL decreased CV. Cell death rates observed due to BDL and RHNL were 40.42% and 33.67%, respectively. All these results showed that these lasers had diverse effects on FRA cell growth, however, these cells were more sensitive to BDL than RHNL especially in higher intensities, presumably because of its damage to cell membrane leading to cell death.
Kianoush Hassanzadeh; Sasan Aliniaeifard; Mohammad Mehdi Farzinia; Madeh Ahmadi
Abstract
Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is an important medicinal plant that contained a wide range of secondary metabolites such as rosmarinic acid. In this study, essential oil content and composition and rosmarinc acid were determined at three phenological stages (before flowering, full flowering ...
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Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is an important medicinal plant that contained a wide range of secondary metabolites such as rosmarinic acid. In this study, essential oil content and composition and rosmarinc acid were determined at three phenological stages (before flowering, full flowering and fruit set stages). Hydro distillation method was used for essential oil extraction and GC and GC/MS was used for essential oil composition. On the basis of the obtained results rosemary plants in full flowering stage had higher amount of essential oil (1.99 ml/100 g dry weight) than in before flowering and fruit set stages (1.2 and 1.01 ml/100 per g dry weight, respectively). The extracted essential oil was contained 1,8-cineole, α-pinene, verbenone, camphor, geraniol, borneol acetae, camphene and linalool as major constituents. These constituents were affected by phenological stages. Before flowering, 1,8-cineole, α-pinene and verbenone (13.68%), in full flowering, 1,8-cineole (17.90%) and in fruit set α-pinene (21.77%) were the main constituents of the reosemary essential oil. Using HPLC analysis on leaf extract showed that the highest amount of rosmarinic acid (25.92mg/g DW) was observed in the fruit set stage. In conclusion, for essential oil content full flowering stage can be recommended for harvesting of Rosmarinus officinalis L. and for rosmarinic acid, fruit set stage can be the best time for harvesting of this medicinal plant.
Fatemeh Roshani Bakhsh; Gholam Reza Sharifi-Sirchi; Davood Samsampoor
Abstract
The grape berries due to containing organic acids, sugars, aromatic compounds, phenolic compounds (including anthocyanins, flavanols, flavonols, stilbenes (resveratrol)), tannins, and oil in the pulp, skin, and seed have numerous health benefits for human health. In this study, we investigated genetic ...
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The grape berries due to containing organic acids, sugars, aromatic compounds, phenolic compounds (including anthocyanins, flavanols, flavonols, stilbenes (resveratrol)), tannins, and oil in the pulp, skin, and seed have numerous health benefits for human health. In this study, we investigated genetic and phytochemical characteristics of four famous grapevine cultivars (Shiraz, Sirch, Panje Arous, and Yaghouti) at the maturity stage in 10-20º Brix on a cultivar basis. This research was performed at university of Hormozgan in 2017. The results indicated that Sirch cultivar had the highest total anthocyanin content (2733 mg kg-1 FW), total phenolic content (1666 mg kg-1 FW) and total carotenoid in the skin. High correlation (R2 = 0.951) was observed between cultivars skin’s total anthocyanin and total carotenoid contents. The highest quercetin content (1593 mg kg-1 FW) among the studied cultivars was obtained in Panje Arous cultivar (a pink grape) and Sirch cultivar had the highest delphinidin specific anthocyanin content (65.03 mg kg-1 FW). Among the studied cultivars, Shiraz had the highest total soluble sugar (%19.90) and amount of vinegar (950 ml Kg -1 grapes). Analysis of GC-MS results of vinegar, indicated that the highest rate of ethanol (%98.442) was found in Panje Arous cultivar. DNA sequencing and alignment analysis of F3H, UFGT, DFR, and MybA1 gene sequences showed that there was high homology (>%99) among the studied cultivars, therefore it can be concluded that they are derived from a common ancestor.
Hamed Ebrahimzadeh; Mahmoud Lotfi; Mohammad Sadat-Hosseini
Abstract
Doubled haploid method via parthenogenesis induction still remained prominent in Cucurbitaceae breeding due to drastic reduction in time and cost of newly released lines. In this study, different doses of Gamma ray (25, 50, 75, 100, and 200 Gy) were used to irradiate pollen grains for induction of parthenogenetic ...
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Doubled haploid method via parthenogenesis induction still remained prominent in Cucurbitaceae breeding due to drastic reduction in time and cost of newly released lines. In this study, different doses of Gamma ray (25, 50, 75, 100, and 200 Gy) were used to irradiate pollen grains for induction of parthenogenetic haploid embryos in oilseed pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo var. ‘Styriaca’). Parthenogenetic embryos at different developmental stages were rescued in vitro and 348 plants were obtained, of which 134 were recognized as haploid by ploidy analysis. The highest rate of haploid plants was obtained from globular (25.3%) and torpedo (23.8% plants) embryos followed by arrow-tip (13.4%), torpedo (10.5%), stick (10.5%), heart (9%), and cotyledonary (7.5%), respectively. All doses, except 200 Gy, were effective for induction of embryos and haploid plants; in a way that the highest number of haploids was obtained by 100 Gy. Our results indicated that parthenogenetic haploid embryos could be efficiently induced in C. pepo if proper Gamma ray dose and developmental stage of embryos are selected.
Majid Rajaie; Mohammah Ebrahim Motieallah
Abstract
To investigate interaction effects of salinity and nitrogen on growth, mineral composition and salinity tolerance of lemon seedlings, a greenhouse experiment with four sodium chloride concentrations (0, 250, 500 and 1000 mg kg-1 soil) and four nitrogen levels (0, 50, 100, and 200 mg kg-1 soil ammonium ...
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To investigate interaction effects of salinity and nitrogen on growth, mineral composition and salinity tolerance of lemon seedlings, a greenhouse experiment with four sodium chloride concentrations (0, 250, 500 and 1000 mg kg-1 soil) and four nitrogen levels (0, 50, 100, and 200 mg kg-1 soil ammonium sulfate) was carried out. Experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with three replications. Sodium and chloride ions in plant tissues were increased to toxic levels with increase in salinity which resulted in a significant reduction of plant dry weight. Nitrogen consumption up to 100 mg kg-1 soil increased plant dry weight. As the concentration of sodium chloride was increased, the improvement effect of nitrogen on plant growth was decreased. Although nitrogen had no considerable effect on sodium concentration in root and shoot, it made a decrease in chloride concentration in shoot and an increase in root concentration of this element. Salinity decreased essential nutrients concentration in plant shoot. Therefore, it can be concluded that adverse effect of salinity is to some extent due to reduction of required elements to suboptimal ranges in plant tissues. Nitrogen improved the adverse effects of salinity on plant nutrients by increasing their concentration in plant tissues. Therefore it can be inferred that part of the ameliorative effects of nitrogen on salinity adverse effects is related to the maintenance of essential nutrient concentrations in plant tissues. The results of the present study indicate that nitrogen can be applied in amounts higher than optimal level to reduce the harmful effects of salinity.
Shiva Zaferanchi; Saeid Zehtab Salmasi; Seyed Yahya Salehi Lisar; Mohammad Reza Sarikhani
Abstract
The present study was carried out to investigate biochemical responses of marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) to Bio-organic fertilizers. Effects of co-inoculation of two plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) (Azotobacter sp.145PI and Azospirillum sp.AC49I), humic acid (HA) (10 kg ha−1), ...
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The present study was carried out to investigate biochemical responses of marigold (Calendula officinalis L.) to Bio-organic fertilizers. Effects of co-inoculation of two plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) (Azotobacter sp.145PI and Azospirillum sp.AC49I), humic acid (HA) (10 kg ha−1), vermicompost (VC) (7 T ha−1) and combinations of these treatments were evaluated in two marigold cultivars [Isfahan double flower (DF) and single flower (SF)]. The biosynthesis of leaf protein, soluble and insoluble carbohydrate contents were increased in treated plants, while total free amino acid content was not influenced by treatments. Fertilizers also had positive impact on leaf and flower pigments, total flavonoid content, and total phenolic contents. Maximum amounts of anthocyanins were obtained in the DF cultivar treated by VC+PGPR and VC, which were 11.414 and 11.192 µmol g-1 FW, respectively. The SF cultivar treated by PGPR (36.11 %) and also the same cultivar treated by VC (33.39 %) had the highest antioxidant activities. In general, simultaneous application of fertilizers and also vermicompost were recognized as the best treatment for marigold plants. In conclusion, the findings of the current study confirmed that chemical composition and antioxidant activity of marigold can be positively influenced by Bio-organic fertilizers; therefore they can be used to obtain medicinal plants with improved quality during sustainable agricultural practices.
Navid Yazdani; Behnam Osanloo; Mahmoud Lotfi; Keyvan Asefpour Vakilian
Abstract
Digital image processing is an emerging tool to predict fruit quality; therefore present study was carried out to develop an image processing technique for investigating the storage life of cantaloupe. Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) impregnated materials were used to prolong the postharvest life of cantaloupe ...
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Digital image processing is an emerging tool to predict fruit quality; therefore present study was carried out to develop an image processing technique for investigating the storage life of cantaloupe. Potassium permanganate (KMnO4) impregnated materials were used to prolong the postharvest life of cantaloupe fruit and the effects of these treatments were evaluated by 3 image textural features parameters and flesh firmness. The treatments were divided into seven groups containing untreated, conventional paper impregnated with 7% KMnO4, nanozeolite impregnated with 7% KMnO4 and nanosponge impregnated with 0, 4, 7 and 10% KMnO4 respectively in packages. Findings of the investigations showed that the nanosponges impregnated by 7 or 10% KMnO4 could preserve the quality of cantaloupe over time by maintaining its color and flesh firmness which could be a result of ethylene absorption. Nanozeolite covered with 7% KMnO4 was also a good compound to preserve the fruit firmness. Image processing features including Entropy was increased and Homogeneity was decreased during cold storage whereas, fruits that are treated with nanosponge impregnated with 10% KMnO4 showed less Entropy and more Homogeneity than other treatments. Moreover, all KMnO4 treated fruits had better values of flesh firmness and image textural parameters than control. A significant correlation was observed between flesh firmness and image parameters. In total, nano-materials showed acceptable performance in extending the postharvest life of cantaloupes based on the fruit firmness and our findings illustrated that the image processing technique can be used to assess the quality of cantaloupe fruits during storage.
Mohammad Aminifard; Hassan Bayat
Abstract
In this study effect of application of food waste vermicomposts to soil on antioxidant compounds, fruit yield and quality of sweet pepper (Capsicum annum L.) were investigated in field condition. Four vermicompost levels (0, 5, 10 and 15 t/ha) were applied to soil based on a randomized complete block ...
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In this study effect of application of food waste vermicomposts to soil on antioxidant compounds, fruit yield and quality of sweet pepper (Capsicum annum L.) were investigated in field condition. Four vermicompost levels (0, 5, 10 and 15 t/ha) were applied to soil based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed that the highest (21.87 kg m2)and lowest (14.69 kg m2)fruit yield were achieved in plants treated with 5 t/ha vermicompost and control, respectively.Vermicompost treatments positively influenced fruit antioxidant compounds (antioxidant activity, total phenolic, carbohydrate content and total flavonoid). The highest antioxidant activity (81%) and carbohydrate content were obtained in plants treated with 10 t/ha vermicompost, while their lowest values were recorded in the control plants. Fruit quality indices (pH, titratable acidity, ascorbic acid and fruit firmness) were significantly influenced by vermicompost treatments. However, no significant difference was found for total soluble solids between treatments. There were 40, 61 and 56% increase in the amount of Titratable acidity, ascorbic acid content and fruit firmness following application of vermicompost (15 t/ha) when compared to their values in control, respectively. In conclusion, soil application of vermicompost can positively influence antioxidant compounds, fruit yield and quality of pepper.
Bahareh Parsa Motlagh; Parviz Rezvani Moghaddam; Zabihollah Azami Sardooei
Abstract
In order to evaluate the effects of sowing date and intra rows spacing on yield, yield components and some phytochemical characteristics in Roselle, a field experiment was conducted as a split plot layout based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2013 and 2014 growing seasons. ...
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In order to evaluate the effects of sowing date and intra rows spacing on yield, yield components and some phytochemical characteristics in Roselle, a field experiment was conducted as a split plot layout based on randomized complete block design with three replications in 2013 and 2014 growing seasons. Five sowing dates were considered as the main plots (11th and 30th of March, 14th of April, 5th and 22th of May) and three intra rows spacing were considered as the subplots (50, 75 and 100 cm). The results indicated that delayed sowing date significantly reduced plant height, number of bolls, number of branches per plant, calyx dry weight, calyx yield, seed yield and biomass yield. Plant height, calyx yield, seed yield and biomass yield were increased by reducing intra rows spacing. Reducing the intra rows spacing caused decrease in number of branches, number of bolls, seed weight, calyx and plant dry weights. Anthocyanin and vitamin C were significantly reduced by delaying in sowing date. Although sowing dates had no significant effect on total phenol but antioxidants were influenced by sowing date. Furthermore, intra rows spacing did not caused any significant effect on phytochemical traits of Roselle. Based on the obtained results, it seems sowing hibiscus tea in the late of March to mid-May and 50 cm intra rows spacing, under hot and dry climate condition would be suitable for increase the final yield of Roselle.
Amin Hassankhah; Kourosh Vahdati; Majid Rahemi; Darab Hassani; Saadat Sarikhani Khorami
Abstract
Walnut production is limited by late-spring frost in many countries. The current research was carried out to evaluate chilling and heat requirement of catkin and terminal buds break on six selected superior walnut genotypes and cultivars (‘C-25’, ‘88-1’, ‘88-2’, ‘Chandler’, ...
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Walnut production is limited by late-spring frost in many countries. The current research was carried out to evaluate chilling and heat requirement of catkin and terminal buds break on six selected superior walnut genotypes and cultivars (‘C-25’, ‘88-1’, ‘88-2’, ‘Chandler’, ‘Jamal’ and ‘Damavand’). The Utah and accumulation growing degree hours (GDH) models were applied to determine the chilling and heat requirements under field and greenhouse conditions, respectively. ‘Damavand’ cultivar (650 CU) and ‘C-25’ genotype (650-800 CU) had the lowest chilling requirement for terminal bud break. ‘Jamal’ cultivar and ‘C-25’ genotypes had the lowest chilling requirement to break the dormancy of catkins (650–800 CU). ‘Chandler’ cultivar and ‘88-1’ and ‘88-2’ genotypes as late-leafing genotypes/cultivars had the highest chilling and heat requirements to break dormancy of terminal buds (800-1100 CU and 11832-12648 GDH) and catkin (800-950 CU and 11484-12180 GDH). In conclusion, late-leafing genotypes/cultivars had the higher heat requirement than early-leafing genotypes/cultivars. Based on the results, a linear and significant relation was observed between chilling requirement and heat accumulation. Therefore, heat accumulation of buds and catkins was reduced by increase in the amount of chilling requirement. Furthermore, the result revealed that heat accumulation is more important than chilling requirements to estimate walnut budbreak date. The GDH of catkins and terminal buds was decreased with increase in the average temperature during heat accumulation.