Abdolkarim Ejraei; Ahmad Mohammadi Ghehsareh; Mehran Hodaji; Ali Asghar Besalatpor
Abstract
Several methods have been proposed for recommendation of phosphorus fertilizers. Each of them only examines the concentration of phosphorus in the soil or plant, while none of them investigates the correlation between phosphorus concentrations in the soil and plant. In this study, a method called "integrated ...
Read More
Several methods have been proposed for recommendation of phosphorus fertilizers. Each of them only examines the concentration of phosphorus in the soil or plant, while none of them investigates the correlation between phosphorus concentrations in the soil and plant. In this study, a method called "integrated plant and soil system" (IPSS) is proposed to describe phosphorus fertilizer. In this system, for recommendation of phosphorus, the correlation between this element in soil and plant was used. For this purpose, 39 Washington Navel Orange orchards were selected in Jahrom region and from each orchard three trees were chosen. Samples were taken from soil and plants during two consecutive years and their phosphorus was measured. Orchards were divided into two categories, first group high-yield orchards and another includes all orchards. The correlation was run between soil properties and phosphorus of plant organs with the phosphorus of soil saturation extract samples. Factors were selected that shown significant correlation with the phosphorus of soil saturated extract, and multivariate regression was established between them. The results showed a significant correlation between phosphorus of plant organs and soil samples, and the highest correlation was observed between fruit phosphorus and phosphorus of soil saturation extract. Moreover, there was a significant correlation between phosphorus of plant organs, and the highest correlation was observed between fruit phosphorus with other plant organs. A equation was also obtained for each of the two orchard groups, these two equations can calculate the amount of phosphorus required for orange orchards.
Ghasem Esmaeili; Majid Azizi; Hossein Arouiee; Jamil Vaezi
Abstract
The morphological specifications play a substantial role in classification and breeding programs of various plant taxa. In the current study, some macro- and micro-morphological features of Salvia nemorosa, Salvia syriaca, Salvia frigida and Salvia virgata (three accessions), were investigated using ...
Read More
The morphological specifications play a substantial role in classification and breeding programs of various plant taxa. In the current study, some macro- and micro-morphological features of Salvia nemorosa, Salvia syriaca, Salvia frigida and Salvia virgata (three accessions), were investigated using scanning electron microscopy and image analysis program. The completely randomized design (CRD) was used to compare the morphological properties (r=4). Macro-morphological and agronomical measurements showed that Salvia species have great potential for cultivation as medicinal and ornamental plants. The cluster analysis suggested that S. virgata and S. frigida located in the same group; on the other side, S. syriaca and S. nemorosa had more similarity. The micro-morphological results showed that glandular trichomes (GTs) and non-glandular trichomes (NGTs) were widely distributed over the leaf and flower surfaces. The peltate GTs with high-density covered sepal and petal and were observed with low density on the leaves. The comparison with different species showed that the highest size and density of GTs belonged to Salvia virgata. The GTs are large and cover a significant portion of the flower surface (3.85-18.45%). The multicellular GTs were observed in S. nemorosa and S. virgata A1 and A2. The uniseriate and multicellular NGTs covered the adaxial leaf surface in different species. Besides, relative variation in GTs was observed in the three studied S. virgata accessions (15.33- 30.58 trichomes per mm2), which indicates the role of environmental conditions in trichomes formation. A wide range of variation in most of the micro- and macro-morphological traits of Salvia genotypes observed in cultivated condition.
Hossein Meighani; Mahmood Ghasemnezhad; Davood Bakhshi
Abstract
The pomegranate fruit is a good source of bioactive compounds. The present study has investigated the biochemical and sensory characteristics of the arils of four Iranian commercial pomegranate cultivars namely Malase Shirine Saveh (MSS), Malase Torshe Saveh (MTS), Alak Shirine Saveh (ASS) and Agha Mohammad ...
Read More
The pomegranate fruit is a good source of bioactive compounds. The present study has investigated the biochemical and sensory characteristics of the arils of four Iranian commercial pomegranate cultivars namely Malase Shirine Saveh (MSS), Malase Torshe Saveh (MTS), Alak Shirine Saveh (ASS) and Agha Mohammad Ali (AMA) for several developmental and ripening stages during 45–180 days after fruit set (DAFS). The results showed that the total soluble solids (TSS), individual and total anthocyanin concentrations, and color parameters including chroma and a* values significantly increased, in contrast, the total phenolic concentration and color parameters (L* and hue angle) gradually decreased during developmental stages. Six anthocyanin pigments were found responsible for the red color of pomegranate juice. The quantity and the quality of the anthocyanin pigments were different among the cultivars and the various developmental stages. The predominant anthocyanin pigment at all developmental stages in all cultivars was cyanidin 3,5-diglucosides. The maximum total phenolic concentration was recorded at 45 DAFS for all cultivars. The highest antioxidant activity was recorded at 45 DAFS, and gradually decreased until 135 DAFS. Similar decrease was observed in total phenolic and flavonoid concentrations. Notably, increasing of antioxidant activity at the late-developmental stage was due to induction of the flavonoids and anthocyanins accumulation.
Yaaghoob Hosseini; Hamed Hassanzadeh Khankahdani; Ramezan Rezazadeh
Abstract
‘Siyahoo’ mandarin (Citrus reticulata) is one of the most important high-quality cultivars of citrus. The alternate bearing, especially in old trees, is one of the most important economic problems faced by this cultivar, which adversely affects the fruit quality. This study was carried out ...
Read More
‘Siyahoo’ mandarin (Citrus reticulata) is one of the most important high-quality cultivars of citrus. The alternate bearing, especially in old trees, is one of the most important economic problems faced by this cultivar, which adversely affects the fruit quality. This study was carried out to examine the effects of the timing of nitrogen foliar application (mid-November, mid-December, and mid-January) as urea 0.5% and harvest time (the first time: concordant with the minimum commercial ratio of TSS/TA and the second time: 45 days after the first time) on improving the fruit yield and quality of ‘Siyahoo’ mandarin during five successive years from 2012 to 2017 using 36 trees. The results showed that the second harvest time (conventionally practiced) produced the highest yield compared to the first harvest time (for the lowest TSS/TA ratio). The highest yield was obtained in the second harvest time when nitrogen was sprayed in November. The significant interaction of harvest time and spray timing revealed the lower pH (~3) in the first harvest compared to the second one (~4). Nitrogen spraying in November and January yielded the highest (8-10) and lowest (<8) TSS/TA ratio, respectively. Although, the effect of the timing of nitrogen spraying on the fruit weight was not significant, spraying in January increased the fruit weight by 10% compared to the November spraying. Variations in the fruit diameter followed a similar pattern to variation in the fruit weight, which was due to their correlations. In conclusion, it is recommended to harvest the fruits after second nitrogen application, because the higher fruit yield and quality in terms of sweetness and flavor (TSS/TA ratio) are more acceptable.
Farzad Nazari; Morteza Khosh-Khui; Pejman Azadi
Abstract
The gerbera market would benefit from an efficient and simple protocol for high rate regeneration for propagation and genetic engineering. With these objectives, this investigation was done on shoot regeneration via direct organogenesis from leafy petiole explants of Gerbera jamesonii ‘Royal Soft ...
Read More
The gerbera market would benefit from an efficient and simple protocol for high rate regeneration for propagation and genetic engineering. With these objectives, this investigation was done on shoot regeneration via direct organogenesis from leafy petiole explants of Gerbera jamesonii ‘Royal Soft Pink’. Murashige and Skoog (1962) (MS) medium was supplemented with 0.1 mg L-1 indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and additions of various concentrations and combinations of thidiazuron (TDZ: 0, 0.5 and 1 mg L-1) and N6-benzyladenine (BA: 0, 2, 4 and 6 mg L-1). Higher values were recorded for a number of shoots on leafy petiole on the MS medium containing BA in combination with TDZ than on media containing BA or TDZ solely. The highest evaluations for percentage of shoot regeneration (85.43 %) and number of shoots per explant (12.88) was recorded in the medium supplemented with 0.1 mg L-1 IAA and 1.0 mg L-1 TDZ plus 4.0 mg L-1 BA. For rooting of the shoots, MS medium supplemented with three concentrations of a-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA: 0.5 and 1 mg L-1) together with control (MS only) were tried. The optimal results for rooting of shoots were obtained on MS medium containing 1 mg L-1 NAA. The in vitro raised plantlets were acclimatized and transferred to greenhouse successfully.
Mohsen Ashrafi; Mohammad Reza Azimi Moqadam; Parviz Moradi; Farid Shekari; Ehsan MohseniFard
Abstract
Drought as the most important abiotic stress has deleterious effects on plants. Developing drought tolerant varieties can help produce plants in a sustainable way. This study was conducted to identify drought tolerant and drought sensitive thyme species including Thymus vulgaris, T. vulgaris (origin: ...
Read More
Drought as the most important abiotic stress has deleterious effects on plants. Developing drought tolerant varieties can help produce plants in a sustainable way. This study was conducted to identify drought tolerant and drought sensitive thyme species including Thymus vulgaris, T. vulgaris (origin: Spain), T. carmanicus, T. daenensis and T. kotschyanus and to study the mechanism used by them to cope with drought stress. For this purpose, relative water content, water use efficiency, soil water depilation rate, root:shoot ratio, drought resistance index and a new criterion "FC ceased growth" were used. T. carmanicus and T. daenensis had the lowest and the highest reduction on relative water content, respectively. In terms of water use efficiency and soil water depletion curve, the highest and the lowest values were detected for T. daenensis and T. carmanicus, respectively. The most and the least root:shoot ratios were recorded for T. daenensis and T. vulgaris (origin: Spain), respectively. Analyses by drought resistance index and PCA revealed that T. carmanicus is drought susceptible, T. kotschyanus and T. vulgaris are semi-drought susceptible, and T. daenensis and T. vulgaris (origin: Spain) are semi-drought tolerant species. FC ceased growth analysis showed that T. carmanicus stopped its growth at higher FC, while T. kotschyanus stopped it at lower FC. Therefore, based on this criterion and considering the sustainability of growth under drought condition, T. carmanicus and T. kotschyanus are the least and the most drought tolerant Thymus species.
Mehdi Abdolmaleki; Morteza Khosh-Khui; Saeid Eshghi; Asghar Ramezanian
Abstract
Rosa hybrida L. is an important commercial cut flower. Salicylic acid (SA) and calcium chloride (CaCl2) act as endogenous signal molecules responsible for growth parameters in plants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of preharvest SA and CaCl2 treatments in extending the vase life of ...
Read More
Rosa hybrida L. is an important commercial cut flower. Salicylic acid (SA) and calcium chloride (CaCl2) act as endogenous signal molecules responsible for growth parameters in plants. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of preharvest SA and CaCl2 treatments in extending the vase life of cut rose flowers. Therefore, a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with SA (0, 150, 300, and 450 mg L-1) and CaCl2 (0, 0.75, 1.5, and 2.25%) with 4 replicates and 2 samples (individual flowers) in each replicate, was conducted. Changes in growth, macronutrient concentration, chlorophyll content, leaf relative water content (LRWC), flower quality, vase life, and membrane stability index were investigated in R. hybrida cv. “Dolce Vita.” Exogenously applied SA and CaCl2 increased plant growth (such as shoots and flower buds). Foliar application of SA and CaCl2 also increased macronutrient concentration (N, K, Ca, and Mg), chlorophyll content, LRWC, flower quality, and vase life; however membrane stability index was decreased with increasing levels of SA and CaCl2. These results suggest that SA and CaCl2 could be used as potential growth promoters to improve postharvest life of roses. According to the results of this experiment, SA and CaCl2 as natural, cheap, safe, and biodegradable compounds are suitable alternatives for conventional chemical treatments in order to prolong vase life of cut rose flowers. Commercialization of these compounds for optimum formulations needs further experiments.
Saeedeh Saeidi Tombegavani; Bahman Zahedi; Sadegh Mousavi Fard; Ahmad Ahmadpour
Abstract
In order to study the germination and growth of pepper seeds, a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications was conducted. The first factor was consisting of five cultivars of pepper (Marquiza, Cadia, California Wonder, California Wonder 310 and California Wonder ...
Read More
In order to study the germination and growth of pepper seeds, a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications was conducted. The first factor was consisting of five cultivars of pepper (Marquiza, Cadia, California Wonder, California Wonder 310 and California Wonder 300) and the second factor was gibberellic acid with three levels (0 as control, 250 and 500 ppm), and the third factor was naphthalene acetic acid with three levels (0 as control, 50 and 100 ppm). The results showed that the highest germination percentage (89.9%- California-Wonder 310 cultivar), rate of germination (0.85- California-Wonder 310 cultivar), shoot height (95.99 mm- California Wonder 300 cultivar), shoot fresh weight (6.62 g- California Wonder 300 cultivar) root fresh weight (3.46g- California Wonder 300 cultivar), root length (15.85 cm- Marquiza cultivar), leaf length (5.36 cm-Cadia cultivar) and stem diameter (26.91mm- California Wonder 300 cultivar) were obtained from the concentration of 500 ppm GA3 and 100 ppm NAA. The maximum seed vigor index (749.6) was detected in 0 ppm GA3 and 100 NAA in California Wonder 300 cultivar. The 500 ppm concentration of GA3 and 0 NAA in California Wonder 310 cultivar caused the highest leaf number (3.96). No significant differences were obtained for leaf area and leaf width among all tested concentrations. It can be concluded that seed priming of pepper with plant hormones (GA3 and NAA) is a proper strategy for improving germination and growth traits of pepper plants.
Hamed Hassanzadeh Khankahdani; Abdoolnabi Bagheri
Abstract
Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is a monocot, dioecious and high longevity tropical plant greatly considered due to its high economic importance in Middle East. This investigation was carried out to detect genetic relations among 34 cultivars of Iranian date palm, both males and females, using ISSR ...
Read More
Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is a monocot, dioecious and high longevity tropical plant greatly considered due to its high economic importance in Middle East. This investigation was carried out to detect genetic relations among 34 cultivars of Iranian date palm, both males and females, using ISSR markers. Accordingly, total DNA was extracted using CTAB method and was subjected to PCR amplification using 12 ISSR primers. Analysis of ISSR data indicated that PIC value varied from 0.3695 to 0.4998 with average of 0.4497. The highest PIC value belonged to (CT)10 G primer (0.4498). Totally, 112 alleles were recognized. According to morphological attributes and ISSR markers, the 34 studied date cultivars divided into eight main groups and different sub-groups, and no significant correlation between grouping made by morphological and molecular markers. Unlike ISSR markers that produced a clear-cut among male and female cultivars, no distinct border was seen among male and female cultivars using morphological attributes. Furthermore, PCA analysis confirmed the grouping made by ISSR markers. In conclusion, ISSR markers have been useful to separate date palm cultivars.
Sonia Bahremand; Jamshid Razmjoo; Homaun Farahmand
Abstract
Tuberose (Polianthus tuberosa) is a commercially important cut flower; but its longevity and quality characteristics are compromised by stress during storage and transportation. Thus, it is important to determine the most appropriate preservative solution to best maintained cut flowers. Tests were done ...
Read More
Tuberose (Polianthus tuberosa) is a commercially important cut flower; but its longevity and quality characteristics are compromised by stress during storage and transportation. Thus, it is important to determine the most appropriate preservative solution to best maintained cut flowers. Tests were done to examine the effects on of nano-silver (NS) (0, 15, 30 and 45 mg L-1) and sucrose (0, 4 and 8%) on the quality properties of fresh weight, relative water content, water uptake, total soluble solids, wilting percentage, flower opening and flower longevity. Results showed that averages of evaluations for flower longevity, open flower and stem diameter, fresh weight and relative water content increased under sucrose application and that those for while flower longevity, open flower and stem diameter, water uptake, fresh weight and relative water uptake were increased by NS application. However, applications of 4% sucrose or 45 mg L-1 NS treatments enhanced all measured parameters, with only a few exceptions. These parameters were further increased under the treatment of sucrose at 4% combined with 45 mg L-1 NS, suggesting that the quality of tuberose cut flowers can be improved by treatment with a combination of sucrose and NS.
Azizolah Khandan-Mirkohi; Mahdieh Khalili Halbi; Seyed Alireza Salami; Hosein Lesani
Abstract
To study effects of salicylic acid (SA) treatments (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 mM) in two forms of seed priming (for 24 h) and spraying on seedling at 4-6 leaf stage an experiment was conducted on periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus Don.) with and without exposure to a mild cold stress of 8 °C (for 32 h). Seeds ...
Read More
To study effects of salicylic acid (SA) treatments (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 mM) in two forms of seed priming (for 24 h) and spraying on seedling at 4-6 leaf stage an experiment was conducted on periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus Don.) with and without exposure to a mild cold stress of 8 °C (for 32 h). Seeds were sown in trays containing peat-based substrate (with 20% sandy loam field soil). Transplants of both groups were treated with mild cold. Seedlings were grown in greenhouse with an average day/night temperature of 25/20± 2°C until their blooming. Seed emergence rate and percentage, activities of catalase (CAT), guaiacol peroxidase (GPX), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), CAT gene expression, height and number of nodes per plant, and days to flowering were evaluated. Results showed that mild cold stress together with salicylic acid at 0.5 mM (as either seed priming or spray on seedling) was the best treatment to accelerate the flowering, and improve growth parameters and antioxidant enzymatic activities. Thus, mild cold stress enhanced the positive effects of SA treatments on cold acclimation of periwinkle (particularly when associated with spraying, which is a simple administration method). Accordingly, it might be recommended for its seedling production and cultivation in temperate climates to prevent late spring frost damages.
Mohammad Javad Nazarideljou; Zahra Heidari
Abstract
The drastic decline of precipitation over the past decade along with overuse of chemical inputs and consequent soil fertility reduction are the most important problems in the approach to agricultural expansion, particularly in urban landscaping. Therefore, an experiment was designed to examine the effects ...
Read More
The drastic decline of precipitation over the past decade along with overuse of chemical inputs and consequent soil fertility reduction are the most important problems in the approach to agricultural expansion, particularly in urban landscaping. Therefore, an experiment was designed to examine the effects of different irrigation levels (40, 70 and 100 % of field capacity, or FC) and different vermicompost (VC) levels (0, 2.5 and 5 %) on the morphophysiological parameters of Zinnia elegance ‘Dreamland Red’ in a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications. Results indicated a significant reduction in root/shoot ratio, flower diameter, flower longevity, water use efficiency (WUE), photosynthetic pigments and nutrient uptake, along with reduction in the FC, while VC application improved these features. Based on the results, the highest electrolyte leakage and free radicals were observed in the 40 % of FC level without VC treatment, while the highest antiradical property and phenolic compounds were obtained at the same FC level along with 2.5% VC. Moreover, the highest WUE was observed at 2.5% VC with 70% FC, compared to 40% FC with no VC application. The flower diameter and longevity, as the most important indicators of the zinnias’ quality, were significantly affected by the interaction effects of irrigation and organic fertilizers.
Mina Farsi; Mohammad Reza Fatahimoghadam; Zabihollah Zamani; Darab Hassani; Ahmad Ahmadi
Abstract
Compared to other techniques of propagation, grafting is the most successful and feasible technique for asexual propagation of walnut plants. There is little information about graft union formation in walnut. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate histological events during graft union ...
Read More
Compared to other techniques of propagation, grafting is the most successful and feasible technique for asexual propagation of walnut plants. There is little information about graft union formation in walnut. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate histological events during graft union formation in Juglans regia L. cv. Chandler scions when minigrafted on the one-year-old seedlings. Cross and longitudinal sections of the graft union were taken for examining different stages of grafting process after 1, 14, 30, 60, 120, 180, 420 and 540 days of minigrafting. One day after grafting, brown necrotic layers were observed at the cut edges. The first callus cells were initiated from cambium layer of rootstock 14 days after grafting but there was weak connection between two parts. New vascular connections between rootstock and scion were observed 30 days after grafting . Vascular connections were increased in central parts of the graft union 60 days after grafting. In mid-summer (180 days after grafting), necrotic layer was almost disappeared in the central longitudinal sections but they were increased especially in the bark, callus and top parts of the graft union due to high temperature and low humidity. In 420 days after grafting, two parts were strongly connected by xylem vessels, but necrotic layer was still remained and observed in some parts. In 540 day after grafting which was coincided with the end of second growing season, two parts were tightly connected to each other and necrotic layer disappeared in most of cross and longitudinal sections.
Aram Hosseini; Ali Gharghani
Abstract
The effects of three Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) species (Glomus versiforme, Claroideoglomus etunicatum and Rhizophagus intraradices) were studied on the growth parameters and nutrient uptake of three apple rootstocks (M.9, M.7 and MM.106). The soil medium contained a high level of calcium carbonate ...
Read More
The effects of three Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) species (Glomus versiforme, Claroideoglomus etunicatum and Rhizophagus intraradices) were studied on the growth parameters and nutrient uptake of three apple rootstocks (M.9, M.7 and MM.106). The soil medium contained a high level of calcium carbonate (38.65%). The results showed that AMF inoculation could increase almost all growth parameters. Plants inoculated with G. versiforme had the highest shoot height, stem diameter, leaf size, and biomass compared to other AMF species. Rootstocks also varied substantially in their growth. MM.106 exhibited the highest growth in general, whereas the M.9 had the lowest. Plants inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi contained more N, P, Ca, Mg, Zn, and Fe compared to those of Non Mycorhizal (NM) control plants. However, AMF inoculation did not influence concentrations of K, Cu, and Mn in the leaf. Rootstocks exhibited various nutrient concentrations in their leaves and the highest concentrations of K, Ca, Mg, and Zn were measured in MM.106. The highest leaf concentration of N, Fe, Mn, and Cu occurred in M.9, while the M.7 accumulated the highest amount of P in its leaves. Here we demonstrate the beneficial effects of symbiosis between apple rootstocks and AMF species in calcareous soil with a very high level of lime concentration.
Mina Farsi; Mohammad Reza Fatahi Moghadam; Zabihollah Zamani; Darab Hassani
Abstract
The experiment was carried out during 2015-2016, with the aim of investigating the effects of scion cultivar, rootstock age and hormonal treatments on the success of walnut minigrafting. Analysis of results showed that all studied factors were effective on graft-take and survival of minigrafted walnuts ...
Read More
The experiment was carried out during 2015-2016, with the aim of investigating the effects of scion cultivar, rootstock age and hormonal treatments on the success of walnut minigrafting. Analysis of results showed that all studied factors were effective on graft-take and survival of minigrafted walnuts and other growth traits of the scions. The highest graft-take was observed on one-year-old rootstocks in hormonal treatments of 20 mg/L BA + 12.5 mg/L IBA for ‘Jamal’ and 80 mg/L BA + 50 mg/L IBA for ‘Chandler’. The highest survival rate was observed on one-year-old rootstocks in control treatment and the lowest was on two-year-old rootstocks in hormonal treatment of 80 mg/L BA + 50 mg/L IBA. The highest growth rate of scion belonged to the scions of ‘Jamal’ on one-year-old rootstocks in hormonal treatment of 20 mg/L BA + 12.5 mg/L IBA and the lowest was in scions of ‘Chandler’ on two-year-old rootstocks in hormonal treatments of 20 mg/L BA + 12.5 mg/L IBA and 80 mg/L BA + 50 mg/L IBA. In addition, diameter of the graft union on two-year-old rootstocks was more than on one-year-old ones. Histological studies showed that increase in the diameter of the graft unit on two-year-old rootstocks was due to dead and necrotic tissues at the upper parts of it which acted as a barrier against passage of water and minerals from the rootstock to the scion and reduced the growth of the scion on two-year-old rootstocks.
Marzieh Etehadpour; Iraj Tavassolian
Abstract
Endemic yarrow (Achillea eriophora DC.) has been widely used in folk medicine for centuries. The impact of climatic and edaphic conditions was investigated on essential oil (EO) yield and compositions of different yarrow ecotypes, native to Kerman province in southeast of Iran. The aerial part of plants ...
Read More
Endemic yarrow (Achillea eriophora DC.) has been widely used in folk medicine for centuries. The impact of climatic and edaphic conditions was investigated on essential oil (EO) yield and compositions of different yarrow ecotypes, native to Kerman province in southeast of Iran. The aerial part of plants was collected from 13 naturalhabitats. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed a significant variation in EO yield and compositions among ecotypes. 116 components were identified from 13 regions. EO extraction yields fluctuated from 0.71 to 5.83% (v/w) in KP12 and KP02 regions, respectively. The predominant components were L-borneol (0-45.93%), bornyl acetate (0-22.45%), bornyl ester (0-10.46%), (E)-α-ionol (0-28.77%), 6βBicyclo [4.3.0] nonane5β-iodomethyl-1β-isopropenyl-4α, 5α-dimethyl (0-12.14%) and eucalyptol (0- 3.96%). For the first time, the presence of hexadecenoic acid, 6β-bicyclo [4.3.0] nonane and 5β-iodomethyl-1β-isopropenyl-4α, 5α-dimethyl were reported in A. eriophora. EO yields and compositions were affected by the ecological factors. Among them, soil pH and latitude showed the most significant impacts.
Fatemeh Nejadhabibvash; Esmaeil Rezaei Chiyaneh; Alireza Pirzad
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of altitudinal gradients on the anatomy of Salvia limbata C.A.Mey. (Lamiaceae). . The S. limbata species were collected from their natural habitats from various regions of West Azerbaijan province in Iran. The thickness of cuticle, collenchymas, ...
Read More
This study was conducted to investigate the effect of altitudinal gradients on the anatomy of Salvia limbata C.A.Mey. (Lamiaceae). . The S. limbata species were collected from their natural habitats from various regions of West Azerbaijan province in Iran. The thickness of cuticle, collenchymas, phloem, xylem and pith of stem and leaf thickness were measured. Moreover, width, length and number of stomata on both adaxial and abaxal epidermal surfaces were analyzed. Statistical analyses were done on a completely randomized design. The results indicated that by increasing altitude leaf thickness increased from 239.1 to 300.1 µm. Number of leaf epidermal cells was also increased in higher altitude on both upper (4.30 to 5.61) and lower (1.05 to 6.55) epidermal surfaces. The results confirmed that more stomata on both adaxial and abaxial epidermis in high altitude samples were associated with presence of narrower and longer stomata on their leaves. Significant differences in the cuticle, collenchyma, xylem, phloem and parenchymatous pith thickness in the stem were observed in all the six studied populations. At higher altitudes thicker cuticle, increased number of collenchyma and wider xylem, phloem and parenchymatous pith were detected. Plants in Mahlamlu region had the thickest studied parameters and Plants in Kabudan Island region had the thinnest tissues.
Farid Md. Hossain; Sharker Md. Numan Numan; Shaheen Akhtar
Abstract
This review is planned to discuss the cultivation technology, nutritional values and health benefits of Dragon fruit. Dragon fruit plant has wide adaptability and grown well in slightly heavy texture soils. Plants are commonly propagated by stem cuttings. Flower buds are emerging after 15-18 months of ...
Read More
This review is planned to discuss the cultivation technology, nutritional values and health benefits of Dragon fruit. Dragon fruit plant has wide adaptability and grown well in slightly heavy texture soils. Plants are commonly propagated by stem cuttings. Flower buds are emerging after 15-18 months of planting and required 28-30 days for blooming. This fruit is popular due to its nutritional value, which is a good source of minerals, glucose, fructose, dietary fiber and vitamins. It strengthens the immune system of the human body and is also used in the treatment of diabetes, heart diseases and in maintaining healthy body weight. The yield and nutritional value of Dragon fruit vary depending on the species, cultivation practices, growing area and harvesting time. Dragon fruit peel has a high potential to be used as a natural dye. Numbers of commercial growers are gradually increasing in different countries due to getting a lucrative price of their product in the markets. At present, little information is available on production aspects of Dragon fruit. Research on different aspects of cultivation and health benefits of this fruit can help to maximize the benefits to worldwide growers and consumers and to expand the market of Dragon fruit.
Hadi Shoorideh; Seyed Ali Peighambari; Mansour Omidi; Mohammad Reza Naghavi; Assad Maroufi
Abstract
Chicory (Cichoriumintybus L.) is an important industrial crop which is used for inulin production. Inulin is widely applied as food ingredient due to its health promoting properties. For the first time, attempts were made to investigate thirteen endemic chicory genotypes including three pumilum populations, ...
Read More
Chicory (Cichoriumintybus L.) is an important industrial crop which is used for inulin production. Inulin is widely applied as food ingredient due to its health promoting properties. For the first time, attempts were made to investigate thirteen endemic chicory genotypes including three pumilum populations, along with five root chicory cultivars, four witloof chicory varieties and a crispum endive to find their phylogenic relationships based on some diagnostic morphological traits as well as comparing their fresh root yield, total carbohydrate content as indicator of inulin percentage, and inulin yield in RCBD with three replications, 2013-14. In general, with the exception of Firizi landrace which was classified in C. intybus class, the other endemic genotypes exhibited the maximum similarity with C. endivia, as all formed a monophyletic clade. The highest inulin yield was obtained for ‘Orchies’, after that for ‘Schepens’, ‘Tilda’ and ‘Hera’, respectively, due to firstly their higher root yield and secondly their high inulin percentage. On the whole, fault of flowering at the first year of life cycle of endemic genotypes made intensive selection and breeding of Iranian genotypes for bolting resistance priority work before applying them to build root chicory varieties
Mohammad Hossein Azimi; Maryam Karimi Alvijeh; Abdolkarim Zarei
Abstract
To produce new, high-quality offsprings, we generated two cross combinations in Iris germanica. Three parental plants were selected after preliminary screening of commercial traits in different cultivars. Fourteen quantitative traits mostly related to the flower organ were investigated on 15 progenies ...
Read More
To produce new, high-quality offsprings, we generated two cross combinations in Iris germanica. Three parental plants were selected after preliminary screening of commercial traits in different cultivars. Fourteen quantitative traits mostly related to the flower organ were investigated on 15 progenies and three parental plants in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Significant positive and negative correlations were observed among different studied attributes at 0.01 and 0.05 probability. The highest positive (+0.86) and negative (-0.76) correlations was recorded between diameter of flowering branch with crown diameter as well as peduncle length, respectively. Cluster analysis using Ward’s method separated most of the progenies from the parental plants based on evaluated morphological characteristics. However, some of the progenies were grouped with their maternal parent. In PCA analysis, five factors explained 87.84% of the total variations; crown diameters as well as diameter of flowering branch were predominant in the first component (34.19%). Some promising progenies with interesting characteristics were observed and several hybrid plants were superior to their parents and showed positive heterosis over their parents. Progenies NIOP5 and NIOP8 were superior in the most studied attributes, therefore, they suggested for further investigations which can be used in breeding programs. Progenies showed a wider range for flower diameter, peduncle thickness, bush height, as well as inner and outer tepal dimensions. Flower color also showed wider range in the progenies and purple, violet and white colors were the most frequent colors in the hybrid plants, while lilac color was the rarest one. Results of our investigation revealed that intervarietal hybridization is an effective way to contribute to the phenotypic variation in the iris flower for producing new plant materials for breeding purposes as well as releasing new cultivars. The inheritance of some of the traits identified in this study will be important for improving plant architecture in German iris plant.
Siamak Kalantari; Mohsen Hatami; Mojtaba Delshad
Abstract
Sensitivity of tomato fruits to chilling injury limits its storage and marketability. This study investigated the effect of hot water treatment (HWT) on reducing the consequences of chilling injury (CI) with respect to quality attributes of tomatoes during storage. Tomatoes were harvested at three ripening ...
Read More
Sensitivity of tomato fruits to chilling injury limits its storage and marketability. This study investigated the effect of hot water treatment (HWT) on reducing the consequences of chilling injury (CI) with respect to quality attributes of tomatoes during storage. Tomatoes were harvested at three ripening stages: mature green, pink, and red; dipped in hot water at 45°C for 15 min; and stored at three storage temperature conditions: 5°C, 13°C, and a simulated condition (SC: 3 days at 25°C and then at 5°C) representing the time between harvest and consumption by consumer. Quality analysis was carried out at the beginning of the experiment and every 10 days of storage 3 days of shelf life evaluation. Fruit color, lycopene content, weight loss, and CI were evaluated during the experiment. HWT reduced CI in mature green tomatoes but had little effect in pink and red fruits. It also caused delay in surface color development and reduced weight loss. During storage, heated mature green fruits often had significantly more lycopene content but low a* compared with unheated ones, whereas in heated red fruits, both a* and lycopene content were lower than unheated ones. This study showed that HWT could be used to reduce CI in mature green tomatoes, but not in pink and red fruits.
Babak ValizadehKaji; Ahmadreza Abbasifar; Hossein Bagheri; Golnar Zandievakili; Atieh Daryabeigi
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the stenting (grafted cutting) propagation of commercial pomegranate cultivars as scions on drought tolerant genotypes as rootstocks. The effect of drought stress on nine pomegranate rootstocks was analyzed. Cultivars including ‘Daneshgah 13’, ‘Daneshgah ...
Read More
The objective of this study was to evaluate the stenting (grafted cutting) propagation of commercial pomegranate cultivars as scions on drought tolerant genotypes as rootstocks. The effect of drought stress on nine pomegranate rootstocks was analyzed. Cultivars including ‘Daneshgah 13’, ‘Daneshgah 32’ and ‘Daneshgah 8’ that were used as rootstocks showed the maximum drought tolerance among the studied cultivars; therefore, these three rootstocks were used to investigate the stenting propagation. Furthermore, three pomegranate cultivars including ‘Malas Saveh’, ‘Robab’ and ‘Bihasteh’ were used as scions. The highest percentage of graft success (58.88%) was obtained from grafting on ‘Daneshgah 13’. In addition, the highest percentage of graft success (84.22) was found in ‘Robab’. ‘Robab’ and ‘Malas Saveh’ had the longest shoot (11.50-11.93 cm) and highest shoot fresh weight (33.66-35.00 g) when grafted on ‘Daneshgah 13’. ‘Daneshgah 13’ had higher shoot dry weight (5.47 g) compared to the other rootstocks. Regarding the scion cultivars, ‘Robab’ and ‘Malas Saveh’ showed higher shoot dry weight (6.76-6.96 g) in comparison with ‘Bihasteh’. Using ‘Daneshgah 13’ as rootstock resulted in the highest content of chlorophyll a (18.11 mg/g), chlorophyll b (8.02 mg/g) and total chlorophyll (26.13 mg/g) in the scion leaves. ‘Robab’ and ‘Malas Saveh’ had highest content of chlorophyll a (18.11-18.33 mg/g), chlorophyll b (8.58-8.62 mg/g) and total chlorophyll (26.73-26.92 mg/g) among the scion cultivars. In all three rootstocks, a negative correlation was observed between the total phenolic content and the percentage of graft success. In addition, there was a negative correlation between the total phenolic content and the percentage of graft success in ‘Bihasteh’ scion.
Abdulhamid Mohebi
Abstract
Irrigation is an inevitable part of agriculture which determines crop yield and thus food security. In modern era of agriculture, crop yield is determined on the basis of crop production per unit of water-use instead of crop production per land unit area. Deficit irrigation is introduced as a strategy ...
Read More
Irrigation is an inevitable part of agriculture which determines crop yield and thus food security. In modern era of agriculture, crop yield is determined on the basis of crop production per unit of water-use instead of crop production per land unit area. Deficit irrigation is introduced as a strategy for controlling water resources that leads to water resource preservation. Date palm requires regular irrigation after plantation at the primary growth stages. In the present study, the effect of applying superabsorbent polymers on required water for irrigation of date palm seedlings has been evaluated during 2011-2012. Treatments were 60%, 80% and 100% ETc irrigation and 0, 40, 80 and 120 g superabsorbents for each seedling. The experiment was conducted in RCBD and split-split plot experimental designs. Water requirement was calculated based on FAO pan method. Results showed that, percentage of establishment reduced significantly in all irrigation regimes including normal irrigation, mid stress, and severe stress. Moreover, using superabsorbents resulted in an increase in SOD activity under 80% irrigation deficit in comparison to full irrigation. Furthermore, it was demonstrated that superabsorbents significantly affected uptake of mineral nutrients and consequently resulted in a raise in seedling establishment.
Mohamadreza Zokaee-Khosroshahi; Mahmoud Esna-Ashari; Ahmad Ershadi; Ali Imani
Abstract
This study was undertaken to identify morphological changes in young seedlings of 5 Iranian almond species (Prunus dulcis, P. eburnea, P. eleagnifolia, P. haussknechti, and P. scoparia) under polyethylene glycol-induced drought stress. Drought stress caused a significant reduction in plant growth parameters ...
Read More
This study was undertaken to identify morphological changes in young seedlings of 5 Iranian almond species (Prunus dulcis, P. eburnea, P. eleagnifolia, P. haussknechti, and P. scoparia) under polyethylene glycol-induced drought stress. Drought stress caused a significant reduction in plant growth parameters such as fresh and dry weights of plant organs, leaf number, total leaf area, and leaf relative water content in all almond species. Specific leaf weight also increased significantly in drought-treated plants compared to control. No significant changes in shoot length, individual leaf area, leaf dimension (length and width), or stomatal size and frequency were observed in response to drought treatments. P. eburnea had the highest relative water content among the species and showed the smallest decrease in fresh and dry weights of organs and greatest decrease in leaf number and total leaf area (the most reduction in transpiration area) as an adaptive mechanism to drought stress.
Mousa Moradnezhad; Ramin Hosseini; Mohmmad Mehdi Zarrabi; Farzan Ghane Golmohammadi
Abstract
Micro-propagation of olive provides the possibility of producing clones of native plants with appropriate attributes and mass reproduction in short period of time, compared to conventional methods. Apical dominance in olive explants limits the growth of lateral branches in vitro. The effect of Woody ...
Read More
Micro-propagation of olive provides the possibility of producing clones of native plants with appropriate attributes and mass reproduction in short period of time, compared to conventional methods. Apical dominance in olive explants limits the growth of lateral branches in vitro. The effect of Woody Plant Medium (WPM), Olive Medium (OM) and Murashig and Skoog (MS) with carbohydrate source (mannitol and sucrose), was investigated for in vitro shoot proliferation of olive. Different concentrations of sodium dikegulac (0.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5 and 10 mg L-1) along with 3 mg L-1 zeatin and 0.5 mg L-1 BAP and two light qualities (red and white) were used to overcome apical dominance. Effects of different IBA concentrations on the in vitro root induction were also investigated. More than 74% of explants rooted when IBA was used at 2 mg L-1. OM was the most effective medium, resulting in better and morphologically superior microshoots. Mannitol showed a positive effect on shoot proliferation. Using sodium dikegulac at 5 mg L-1 under white light significantly stimulated axillary bud growth. In the corresponding concentrations of sodium dikegulac, red light had a significant effect on longitudinal growth compared to the white light.
