ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effect of Drying Method on Volatile Nutraceuticals and Microbial Growth in Moringa oleifera
Fresh Moringa oleifera leaves are very rich in phytonutrients, however the leaves are also highly perishable and require processing for increased shelf-life. The method of processing, specifically drying affects the nutritional value of the product. The present study therefore, analyzed the nutraceutical value and growth of toxic microbes when the leaves were dried under different conditions i.e. room temperature, greenhouse, 50% shade net, and in the oven at 60 oC for 4 h. The experiments were carried out at the Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology (JKUAT). The treatments were applied in triplicate and arranged on a completely randomized design (CRD). Data on nutritional value of dried Moringa leaves was subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) for parameterization and means separated using protected LSD0.05. The study showed that drying Moringa leaves under shade, room and greenhouse conditions significantly (P<0.05) affects the nutritional value of the product. The results showed highest levels of vitamin C, vitamin A, polyphenols and terpenoids when the leaves were dried under 50% shade net and room temperature conditions. In contrast, the glucosinolate content was significantly (P<0.05) higher when the leaves were dried instantly in the oven (9.1%/wt), followed by drying under greenhouse conditions (8.7%/wt) before oven drying. However, drying of Moringa leaves under shade before oven drying resulted in growth of toxic microbial organisms such as staphylococcus, yeast, E. coli and molds that can potentially affect the safety of the product. Finally, the drying conditions also significantly (P<0.05) affected the moisture content of the powder obtained. The results of this study form an important reference for small-holder Moringa growers and processors in the development of an optimal processing regime for high value Moringa powder.
https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_82177_b62ddd00a96b8b0759dac359fb983205.pdf
2021-10-01
315
322
10.22059/ijhst.2021.313592.411
Aflatoxins
antimicrobial effect
Home-drying
Nutraceuticals
Withering
Dennis
Maina Gatahi
denmagkenya@gmail.com
1
Department of agricultural sciences, Karatina University, Karatina, Kenya
LEAD_AUTHOR
Felix
Nyoro
fnyoro@gmail.com
2
Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Kenya
AUTHOR
Abdullah K. 1997. Drying of vanilla pods using a greenhouse effect solar dryer. Dry Technology 15, 685-698.
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Aires A, Mota V, Saavedra M, Rosa E, Bennett R. 2009. The antimicrobial effects of glucosinolates and their respective enzymatic hydrolysis products on bacteria isolated from the human intestinal tract. Journal of Applied Microbiology 106(6), 2086-95.
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Atawodi E, Atawodi C, Idakwo A, Pfundstein B, Haubner R, Wurtele G, Bartsch H, Owen W. 2010. Evaluation of the polyphenol content and antioxidant properties of methanol extracts of the leaves, stem, and root barks of Moringa oleifera Lam. Journal of Medicinal Food 13 (3), 710–6.
3
Bargah K. 2015. Preliminary test of phytochemical screening of crude ethanolic and aqueous extract of Moringa pterygosperma Gaertn. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 4(1), 07-09.
4
Baruah D, Bhuyan P, Hazarika M. 2012. Impact of moisture loss and temperature on biochemical changes during withering stage of black tea processing on four Toclai released clones. Two and a Bud 59(2), 134-142.
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Begum S, Ahmed F, Rahman M. 2009. Effect of cooking temperature and storage period on preservation of water soluble vitamin C content in Citrus macroptera and Moringa oleifera lunk. Asian Journal of Food and Agro-Industry 2(3), 255-261.
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Fahey J. 2005. A review of the medicinal evidence for its nutritional therapeutic and prophylactis properties, part I, Tree Life Journal (1)5.
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ISO 21527-1. 2008. Microbiology of food and animal feeding stuffs - horizontal method for the enumeration of yeasts and moulds - part 1: Colony count technique in products with water activity greater than 0.95.
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Jensen S, Liu Y, Eggum B. 1995. The effect of heat treatment on glucosinolates and nutritional value of rapeseed meal in rats. Animal Feed Science and Technology 53 (1), 17-28.
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during long term storage. Food Research International 34, 283-287.
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Omiadze N, Mchedlishvili J, Rodrigez L, Abutidze T, Sadunishvili A, Pruidze N. 2014. Biochemical processes at the stage of withering during black tea production. Applied Biochemistry and Microbiology 50(4), 394-397.
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Olson E. 2010. Moringaceae Martinov; Drumstick Tree Family; In: Flora of North AMERICA, North of Mexico, vol. 7: Magnoliophyta: Dillenniidae, Part 2. Oxford University Press. P. 168.
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19
Singh G, Sharma S. 2012. Antimicrobial evaluation of Moringa oleifera Lam. International Research Journal of Pharmacy 3, 1-4.
20
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22
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23
Yang X, An R. 2011. Determination of Aflatoxins (B1, B2, G1and G2) in Corn and Peanut Butter by HPLC-FLD Using Pre-column Immuno-affinity Cleanup and Post-Column Electrochemical Derivatization.
24
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Yield and Economic Analyses of Different Mulching Materials for Potato Production
To determine the suitability of different mulching materials for improving the yield of potato,a field experiment was conducted from January 2020 to May 2020 at Kavrepalanchowk, Nepal. The experiment was carried out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with five treatments including: T1: silver plastic mulch, T2: black plastic mulch, T3: perforated black plastic mulch, T4: straw mulch, and T5: Control, with four replications. The experiment revealed that the highest tuber yield was obtained in silver plastic mulch (42.29tonne/ha) followed by perforated black plastic (41.04tonne/ha), black plastic (39.17tonne/ha), and straw (28.54tonne/ha) mulches, and the lowest yield was obtained in the Control treatment (21.46tonne/ha). Soil temperature was found to be influenced by the use of mulching materials with the highest soil temperature recorded under black plastic mulch, whereas the lowest soil temperature was detected under the Control treatment. The economic analysis of using different mulching materials showed the highest benefit/cost ratio by silver plastic mulch (3.63); followed by perforated black plastic mulch (3.53) and the lowest benefit/cost ratio was calculated for the Control (2.60). The present study, therefore, depicted silver plastic mulch followed by perforated black plastic mulch as the most effective mulching material for improving production of potato.
https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_82178_6f06310eb4455c0e50d78bcdf2e068bf.pdf
2021-10-01
323
334
10.22059/ijhst.2021.316115.431
Canopy
Mulch
plastic
potato
tuber
Namrata
Ghimire
namrataghimire11@gmail.com
1
Agriculture and Forestry University, Bharatpur, Nepal
LEAD_AUTHOR
Arvind
Srivastava
sriarvind24@gmail.com
2
Agriculture and Forestry University, Bharatpur, Nepal
AUTHOR
Deepak
Poudel
poudel_d@hotmail.com
3
Senior Agricultutre Officer, Prime Minister Agriculture Modernization Project, Government of Nepal
AUTHOR
Kamal
Raj Gaire
kamalrajgaire@gmail.com
4
Senior Agricultutre Officer, Prime Minister Agriculture Modernization Project, Government of Nepal
AUTHOR
AITC. 2020. Agriculture and livestock diary,2020. Retrieved from Agriculture information and training center: https://aitc.gov.np/
1
Bajracharya, M., & Sapkota, M.2017. Proftability and productivity of potato. Agriculture & Food Security.
2
BushnellJ, Welton F.A. 1931.Some effect of straw mulch on yield of potatoes. Journal of Agricultural Research.43 (9), 837-46.
3
Chaudhary, D. D., Ghaghod, J. P., Thakar, K. P., & Patel, D. G. 2017. Cost of Cultivation of Potato in Sabarkantha District of Gujarat. AGRES – An International e. Journal (2017) Vol. 6, Issue 4:689-695.
4
Decoteau, D., Kasperbauer, M., & Hunt, P. 1989. Mulch surface affects yield of fresh market tomatoes. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 114, 216-224.
5
El-Nemr M. 2006. Effect of mulch types on soil environmental conditions and their effect on the growth and yield of cucumber plants. Journal of Applied Sciences 2(2), 67-73.
6
FAO. 2011. FAO Statistical Yearbook. 2011. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation.
7
FAO. 2013. FAOSTAT. FAOSTAT retrieved from https://www.potatopro.com/nepal/potato-statistics.
8
Gemmechu G.E. 2017. Review on Compost and Mineral NP-fertilizer Application Rate Effects on the Yield and Yield Components of Potato (Solanumtuberosum L.). Science, Technology & Public Policy. Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 7-11.
9
Goldy R, Smiller E. 2011. Are phosphorus applications under plastic mulch really necessary? Michigan State University Extension.
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Goling C. 1997. Effect of plastic film mulching on increasing potato yield. Acta Agriculturae Zhejiangensis 83-86.
11
HaraguchiT.M. 2004. Effects of plastic film mulching on leaching of nitrate-nitrogen in an upland field converted from paddy. Paddy and Water Environment 2(2), 67-72.
12
Hong, Z., You-Cai, X., Feng-Min, L., Run-Yuan, W., Sheng-Cai, Q., Tao-Feng, Y., et al. 2012. Plastic film mulch for half growing-season maximized WUE and yield of potato via moisture-temperature improvement in a semi-arid agroecosystem. Agricultural Water Managment , 68-78.
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Ibarra-Jiménez L,Lira-Saldivar R.H, Valdez-Aguilar L.A, Lozano-Del Río J. 2011. Colored plastic mulches affect soil temperature and tuber production of potato. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica 61(4), 365-371.
14
Jalil M.A, Azad M.A, Farooque A.M. 2004. Effect of different mulches on the growth and yield of two potato varieties. Journal of Biological Sciences 4(3), 331-3.
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Kadar, M., Senge, M., Mojid, M., & Onishi, T. 2017. Effects of plastic-hole mulching on effective rainfall and readily available soil moisture under soybean (Glycine max) cultivation. Paddy and Water Environment. doi:10.1007/s10333-017-0585-z
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Kang BK, Kang YK, Kang SY. 2003. Influence of polyethylene film mulch and seedling types on growth and tuber yield of fall-grown potato. Korean Journal of Crop Science KR2004006005.
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Khalak, A., & Kumar aswamy, A. S. 1992. Nutrient uptake and tuber yield of potato as influenced by irrigation and mulching under scarce water condition in Alfisols. Indian Potato Association, 19(1-2), 35-39.
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Li S.X., Wang Zhaohui, Li S.Q., Gao Ya-Jun. 2013. Effect of plastic sheet mulch, wheat straw mulch and maize growth on water loss by evaporation in dry land areas of china. Agricultural Water Management 116, 39-49.
19
Luis JJ, H. L. 2011. Colored plastic mulches affect soil temperature and tuber production of potato. Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica , 365-371.
20
Mahmood M.M, Farooq K, Hussain A, Sher R. 2002. Effect of Mulching on growth and yield of the potato crop. Asian Journal of Plant Science 132-133.
21
Manganelli, C. C. 2017. Coloured Plastic Mulches Improve the Growth and Yield of the Tomato in High-Density Plantings.São Paulo State: College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences.
22
Matheny, T. H. 1992. Potato Tuber Production in Response to Reflected Light from Different Coloured Mulches. Crop Science Society of America.
23
Monirovic M.N, Misovic M.M, Brocic Z.A. 1996.Effect of organic mulch application on the yield of potato seed crop. International Society for Horticultural Science 462, 291-296.
24
Moursy S.A. 2015. Polyethylene and Rice Straw as Soil Mulching: Reflection of Soil Mulch Type on Soil Temperature, Soil Borne Diseases, Plant Growth and Yield of Tomato. Global Journal of Advanced Research 2(10), 1497-1519.
25
NPDP. 2007. National Potato Research Program. Khumaltar, Lalitpur: National Potato Research Program, National Agriculture Research Council.
26
Ping H.C. 1994. The physiological and ecological effects of covering plastic film on the potato.Acta Agriculture Zhejiangensis 6, 102-106.
27
PotatoPro. (2019). Retrieved from Potatopro web site: https://www.potatopro.com/
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Romic, D., Romic, M., Borosic, J., & Poljak, M. 2003. Mulching decreases nitrate leaching in bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cultivation. Agricultureal Water Management , 87-97.
29
Ruiz, J., Hernandez, J., Castilla, N., & Romero, L. 1999. Potato Performance in Response to Different Mulches. 1. Nitrogen Metabolism and Yield. J. Agric. Food Chem , 47.
30
Samy, M. M., & EI-Zohiri, S. 2013. Influence of Colored Plastic Mulches and Harvest Date on Tubers Yield and Quality of Potato.. Journal of Applied Sciences, 28(12B), 845-859.
31
Shelton D.P. 1995. Corn residue cover on the soil surface after planting for various tillage and planting systems. Journal of soil and water conservation50(4), 399-404.
32
ShiJie F.W.D. 2011. Effects of different cultivation techniques on soil temperature, moisture, and potato yield. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering 27(11), 216-221.
33
Singh S, Dhillon BS, Kaur M. 2021. Effect of mulching and irrigation levels on growth and productivity of barley (Hordeumvulgare L.). Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 10(1),1126-30.
34
Singh AK, Kamal S. 2012. Effect of black plastic mulch on soil temperature and tomato yield in mid hills of Garhwal Himalayas. Journal of Horticulture and Forestry 4(4), 77-79.
35
Singh N, Ahmed Z. 2008. Effect of mulching on potato production in high altitude cold arid zone of Ladakh. Potato Journal 35, 3-4.
36
Timsina, K. P., Kafle, K., & Sapkota, S.2011. Economics of potato (Solanum tuberosum L) production in Taplejung district of Nepal. Agronomy Journal of Nepal (Agron JN) Vol. 2.
37
Wang F. X. 2009. Potato growth with and without plastic mulch in two typical regions of Northern China. Fields Crops Research 110(2), 123-129.
38
Zhou L.F. 2009. How two ridges and the furrow mulched with plastic film affect soil water, soil temperature and yield of maize on the semiarid loess Plateau of China. Field crops Research 113, 41-47.
39
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Effect of Nitrogen Nutrition on the Intensity of Cercospora Leaf Spot of Mulberry
Leaf spot (Cercospora moricola, Cooke) is a disease that negatively influences the yield of mulberry (Morus alba L.) plants. To determine the effect of nitrogen levels on the incidence and severity of leaf spot an experiment was carried out on mulberry plants. The nitrogen levels included 0, 100, 200 and 300 kg ha-1, which were applied in two splits coinciding with the two rainy seasons. The study design was randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. Determination of disease intensity involved scoring for disease intensity on a 1-5 Manandhar scale and calculation of the disease incidence were performed by expressing the number of infected leaves as a percentage of the total number of leaves. The values were translated to area under disease progress stairs (AUDPS). The means for AUDPS were subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) using PRO GLM in SAS and Fisher’s least significant difference (LSD) used to partition the means at p≤0.05. The results showed that as the rate of nitrogen application was increased, there was a corresponding decrease in AUDPS for disease incidence and a decrease in AUDPS for disease severity. From the obtained results it can be concluded that nitrogen at an application rate of 200 kg ha-1 is an effective approach to suppress Cercospora leaf spot of mulberry and can be recommended to the farmers, where this disease is a problem for cultivation of mulberry.
https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_82180_a066996e7b9e6d43d61ea1be1f4dccee.pdf
2021-10-01
335
342
10.22059/ijhst.2021.309763.393
Cercosporin
Disease intensity
Disease progress stairs
Disease severity
Fertilizer
Chrispo
Makheti Mutebi
cmutebi@yahoo.com
1
Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization
LEAD_AUTHOR
Davine
Atieno Ondede
davineloycer@gmail.com
2
Department of Plant, Animal and Food Science, Jaramogi Oginga Odinga University of Science and Technology
AUTHOR
Adolkar V.V, Raina S.K, Kimbu D.M. 2007. Evaluation of various Mulberry Morus spp. (Moraceae) cultivars for the rearing of the bivoltine hybrid race Shaashi BV-333 of the silkworm Bombix mori (Lepidoptera: Bombicidae). Tropical insect Science 27, 6-14.
1
Ahmed F, Kader M.A, Sultana R, Ahmed O, Begun S.A, Iqbal M.F. 2019. Combined application of foliar fertilizer with basal NPK enhances mulberry leaf yield and silkworm cocoon productivity in calcareous soil. Pakistan Journal of biological science 2, 1002-1005.
2
Chiang K.S, Liu H.J, Bock, C.H. 2017. A discussion on disease severity index values. Part 1n: warning on inherent errors and suggestions to maximize accuracy. Annals of Applied Biology, 2, 1-2.
3
Daub M.E, Ehrenshaft M. 2000. The Photo activated Cercospora toxin cercosporin: Contributions to plant disease and fundamental biology. Annual Reviews in Phytopathology 38, 461-490.
4
Dordas C. 2008. Role of nutrients on controlling plant diseases in sustainable agriculture. A review. Agronomy for sustainable development 28, 33-46.
5
Gathumbi M.N. 2008. The effect of fertilizers and mulberry (M. alba L) variety on cocoon and silk quality in Kenya. MSc thesis, Nairobi University.
6
Ghoes L, Neela F.A, Chakravorty T.C, Ali M.R, Alam M.S. 2010. Incidence of leaf blight disease of mulberry plant and assessment of changes in amino acids and photosynthetic pigments of infected leaf. Plant pathology Journal 9, 3.
7
Ghoshi L, Neela F.A, Mahal M.F, Khatum M.J, Ali M.R. 2012. Effect of various factors on the development of leaf spot disease in mulberry. Journal of environmental science and natural resources 5, 205-209.
8
Huber D.M, Haneklaus S. 2007. Managing nutrients to control plant diseases. Landbauforsch Volkenrode 57, 313-322.
9
Huber D, Römheld V, Weinmann M. 2012. Relationship between nutrition, plant diseases and pests. In Marschner's mineral nutrition of higher plants 2012 Jan 1 (pp. 283-298). Academic Press.
10
Kone N, Asare-Bediako E, Silue S, Kone D, Koita O, Menze, W, Winter S. 2017. Influence of planting date on incidence and severity of viral disease on cucurbits under field conditions. Annals of Agriculture, 62, 1-2.
11
Kuribayashi S. 1986. Department of sericulture, Sericultural Experiment station, Tsukuba Ibaraki 305, Japan.
12
Manandhar H.K, Timila R.D, Sharma S, Joshi S, Sthapit B.R. 2016. A field guide for identification and scoring methods of diseases in the mountain crops of Nepal. Bioversity International, 1, 1-11.
13
Mitchell C.E, Reich P.B, Tilman D, Groth J.V. 2003. Effects of elevated CO2 Nitrogen deposition and decreased species diversity on foliar plant diseases. Global change biology. 9, 438-451.
14
Nderitu W.P, Ngode, Kinyua G.M, Mutui M.T. 2012. Field evaluation of mulberry accessions for susceptibility to foliar diseases in Uasin Gishu district, Kenya. African Journal of Biotechnology11, 3569-3574.
15
Parthasarathy S. 2015. Effect of fertilizers on plant diseases. PhD thesis, Tamil Nadu agricultural university, Coimbatore 641003, Tamilnadu.
16
Ray P, Martin H.P. 2012. Impact of feeding Neochetina weevils on pathogenicity of fungi associated with water hyacinth in South Africa. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management, 50, 79-84.
17
Reddy R.C.G, Nirmala R.S, Ramanamma C.H. 2009. Efficacy of phytoextracts and oils of certain medicinal plants against C. moricola Cook, incidence of mulberry leaf spot. Journal of biopesticides 2, 77-83.
18
Sajad U.H, Hasan S.S, Dhar A.V. 2014. Nutrigenic Efficiency Change and Cocoon Crop Loss due to Assimilation of Leaf Spot Diseased Mulberry Leaf in Silkworm, Bombyx mori L... Journal of Plant Pathology and Microbiology 5, 220.
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Sexton A.C, Howlett B.J. 2006. Parallels in fungal pathogenesis onplant and animal hosts. Eukaryotic cell. 5, 1941-1949.
20
SimkoI, Piepho H.P. 2012. The Area under Disease Progress Stairs: Calculation, Advantage and Application. Phytopathology Journal. 102, 2012-381.
21
Singh B.K, Singh T. 2010. Muga silkworm seed organization, P-4 unit Mendipathar, East Garo Hills, Meghalaya.
22
Sugiyama M, Takahashi M, Katsube T, Koyama A, Itamura H. 2016. Effects of applied Nitrogen on the amounts of the functional components of mulberry (M. alba L) leaves. Journal of Agriculture and food chemistry 37, 6923-6929.
23
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24
Tuikong D.R, Kipkurgat T.K, Madera D.S. 2015. Mulberry and silk production in Kenya. Journal of Textile science and Engineering, 5, 2-7.
25
Veresoglou S.D, Barto E.K, Menexes G, Rillig M.C. 2012. Fertilization effects on severity of disease caused by fungal plant pathogens. Plant pathology journal 62, 961-969.
26
Walters D.R, Bingham I.J. 2007. Influence of nutrition on disease development caused by fungal pathogens: implications for plant disease control. Annals of applied biology 151, 307-324.
27
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
An Efficient In Vitro Propagation Protocol of Pot Calla Lily (Zantedeschia spp cv. Orania and Sunclub) Via Tuber Production
Zantedeschia spp is an important flower in the ornamental plants market. Due to the high demand for this plant in the horticultural industry, it is indispensable to introduce an in vitro protocol for its mass propagation. For this aim, the tubers of calla lily were disinfected in a hot water bath with different temperatures (30, 35, 40, 45, and 50 oC) and duration (30 or 35 min). Then explants were cultured on MS medium with different combinations of 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) and Kinetin (Kin). Based on the obtained results, the highest disinfection percentage (more than 90%) was obtained at 45 oC for 35 min. Also, the highest proliferation rate (with an average of 15.33 and 14.32 in cv. Orania and cv. Sunclub, respectively) was observed in 2.5 mg L-1 BAP + 1.5 mg L-1 Kin. The highest rooting percentage (100% in both cultivars) and root number per explant (with an average of 4.00 and 3.03 in cv. Orania and Sunclub, respectively) was obtained in 0.5 mg L-1 Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) + 0.1 mg L-1 Kin, but the highest root length (with an average of 120.0 and 106.6 mm in cv. Orania and Sunclub, respectively) was observed in 1.0 mg L-1 IAA + 0.1 mg L-1 Kin. In MS medium + 2.0 mg L-1 Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) + 4% Sucrose, the highest number of tubers (with an average of 6.66 and 5.21 in cv. Orania and Sunclub, respectively) was formed. The highest fresh and dry weights (with an average of 948.33 and 851.33 mg in cv. Orania and Sunclub, respectively) of tuber were obtained in 2.0 mg L-1 IBA + 6% sucrose. The rooted and tuberous plants were adapted in the greenhouse successfully.
https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_82181_32efde26a337226770eb253f994e3eb0.pdf
2021-10-01
343
351
10.22059/ijhst.2021.317458.436
Bulbous plant
Disinfection
Micropropagation
Sucrose
Elaheh
Hashemidehkordi
hashemielahe78@gmail.com
1
Department of Horticulture Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Iran
AUTHOR
Seyed Najmmaddin
Mortazavi
mortazavi@gmail.com
2
Department of Horticulture Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zanjan, Iran
AUTHOR
Pejman
Azadi
azadip22@gmail.com
3
Department of Genetic Engineering and Biosafety, Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Karaj, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Iran. Department of Tissue Culture, Ornamental Plants Research Center, Horticultural Science Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Mahallat, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Altan F, Burun B, Sahin N. 2010. Fungal contaminants observed during micropropagation of Lilium candidum L. and the effect of chemotherapeutic substances applied after sterilization. African Journal of Biotechnology 9, 991–995.
1
Altindal D, Karadogan T. 2010. The effect of carbon sources on in vitro microtuberization of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.). Turkish Journal of Field Crops 15, 7-11.
2
Asayesh ZM, Vahdati K, Aliniaeifard S, Askari N. 2017. Enhancement of ex vitro acclimation of walnut plantlets through modification of stomatal characteristics in vitro. Scientia Horticulturae 220, 114-121.
3
Asayesh ZM, Vahdati K, Aliniaeifard S. 2021. Stomatal morphology and desiccation response of persian walnut tissue culture plantlets influenced by the gelling agent of in vitro culture medium. Journal of Nuts 12 (1), 41-52.
4
Askari N, Visser R, De Klerk G. 2018. Growth of lily bulblets in vitro, a review. International Journal of Horticultural Science and Technology 5(2), 133-143. doi: 10.22059/ijhst.2018.268870.263
5
Azadi P, Bagheri H, Molaahmad Nalousi A, Nazari F, Chandler S.F. 2016. Current status and biotechnological advances in genetic engineering of ornamental plants. Biotechnology Advances 34, 1073-1090.
6
Azadi P, Khosh-Khui M. 2007. Micropropagation of Lilium ledebourii (Baker) Boiss as affected by plant growth regulator, sucrose concentration, harvesting season and cold treatments. Electronic Journal of Biotechnology 10,
7
Bairu M.W, Kane M.E. 2011. Physiological and developmental problems encountered by in vitro cultured plants. Plant growth regulators 63, 101-103.
8
Baker C.M, Wetzstein H.Y. 2004. Influence of auxin type and concentration on peanut somatic embryogenesis. Plant Cell Tissue and Organ Culture 36, 361-368.
9
Cardoso J.C, Teixeira da Silva J.A. 2012. Micropropagation of gerbera using chlorine dioxide (ClO2) to sterilize the culture medium. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology 48, 362–8.
10
Chang H.S, Chakrabarty D, Hahn E.J, Paek K.Y. 2003. Micropropagation of calla lily (Zantedeschia albomaculata) via in vitro shoot tip proliferation. In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology 39, 129–134.
11
Chen J.J, Liu M.C, Ho Y.H. 2000. Size of In Vitro Plantlets Affects Subsequent Tuber Production of Acclimated Calla Lily. Hortscience 35, 290–292.
12
Deloire A, Charpentier M, Berlioz G, Colin A, Gimonnet G. 1995. Micropropagation of the grapevine: Results of 10 years of experiments in the chmpagne vineyard and results of the first vinifications. American Journal of Enology and Viticulture 46, 571-580.
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36
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Impact of Drought Stress on Photosynthetic Response of some Pear Species
To investigate photosynthetic response of some pear (Pyrus spp.) species to drought stress, a pot experiment was conducted using as factorial experiment based on completely randomized design (CRD) with three replication under greenhouse condition. The factors included five pear species including: P. biossieriana, P. communis, P. glabra, P. salicifolia and P. syriaca and three levels of drought stress [(100%, 60% and 30% of field capacity (FC)]. According to the obtained results, different levels of drought stress significantly restricted morphological and physiological responses in all studied species. Increasing drought stress intensity reduced leaf relative water content (RWC), net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and intercellular carbon dioxide concentration when compared to their values in control plants. However, root/shoot dry weight ratio, specific leaf weight and stomatal density per unit of area were increased. In P. glabra exposed to severe stress (30% of FC), the values of root/shoot dry weigh ratio (0.85 g), specific leaf weight (23 mg cm-2), stomata density per unit of area, relative water content (73%) and net photosynthetic rate (3.9 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1) were significantly higher than the other species. P. syriaca, P. salicifolia, P. biossieriana and P. communis were placed in the next ranks, respectively based on their response to drought. In conclusion, P. glabra is reported as a more effective species in mitigating the adverse effects of drought by boosting its protective mechanisms than the other pear species.
https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_82182_2864ac36f16ec0ce8b9a9c50564f87c3.pdf
2021-10-01
353
369
10.22059/ijhst.2020.309629.394
Drought stress
Intercellular carbon dioxide concentration
Net photosynthetic rate
Stomatal conductance
Lavin
Babaei
lavinbabaee@yahoo.com
1
Department of Horticulture, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
AUTHOR
Mohammad Mehdi
Sharifani
msharifani2019@gmail.com
2
Department of Horticulture, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Reza
Darvishzadeh
r.darvishzadeh@urmia.ac.ir
3
Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
AUTHOR
Naser
Abbaspour
n.abbaspour@urmia.ac.ir
4
Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
AUTHOR
Mashhid
Henareh
mashhid_henareh@yahoo.com
5
Seed and Plant Improvement Research Department, West Azarbaijan Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, AREEO, Urmia, Iran
AUTHOR
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82
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Flavonolignans of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum L.) Seeds Affected by Fertilization Type and Plant Genotype
The fertilization method and plant genotype are two important factors affecting the active ingredients of medicinal plants. Milk thistle (Silybum marianum L.) is one of the most widely distributed medicinal plants worldwide that its seeds have been used widely for treatment of toxic liver damage. In this research, effects of genotype and fertilization type on the quality of milk thistle seeds were investigated. Seeds of two genotypes of milk thistle (Hungarian (A1) and Iranian (A2) genotypes) were cultured and eight fertilization treatments (F1= control treatment (no fertilizer), F2= cow manure, F3= NPK fertilizer, F4= mycorrhizal (Glomus mosseae) inoculation, F5= combination of nitroxin, bio-sulfur and bio-superphosphate, F6= combination of NPK fertilizer and cow manure, F7= combination of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation and cow manure, F8= nano-iron chelate) were used. Traits such as seed yield, oil content and the amount of flavonolignans in the seeds were measured. The results showed that the maximum seed yield was obtained in A2*F4 treatment (1376.54 kg h-1) and the lowest was related to A1*F1 (508.99 kg h-1). The average oil content of the samples was about 2.4 mg g-1 and no significant difference was observed. The results of HPLC analysis showed that the mycorrhizal inoculation (F4) in both genotypes led to the achievement of the maximum amount of most important flavonolignans such as silymarin, taxifolin, silydianin, isosilybin B (18.79, 2.80, 5.02 and 4.73 mg g-1, respectively) and an acceptable amount of isosilybin A (2.72 mg g-1), but A1*F4 treatment yielded the best results. In conclusion, use of mycorrhizal inoculation is an effective practice for production of milk thistle seeds with high quality.
https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_82184_8481cc594dac8789cb4af1ccda78c945.pdf
2021-10-01
371
384
10.22059/ijhst.2020.306616.380
Bio-fertilizer
Milk thistle
oil content
secondary metabolites
Houshang
Yadegari
yadegari.hooshang@yahoo.com
1
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
AUTHOR
Isa
Khammari
ikhammari@gmail.com
2
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
AUTHOR
Baratali
Fakheri
fakheri@uoz.ac.ir
3
Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zabol, Zabol, Iran
AUTHOR
Abdorahim
Nouri
nourirahim.nouri@gmail.com
4
Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
AUTHOR
Taghi
Ebadi
mt.ebadi@modares.ac.ir
5
Faculty of Agriculture, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Abbott L. K, Murphy D. V.2007. Soil Biological Fertility. Springer, Dordrecht, Netherland.
1
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Evaluation of Yield and Phytochemical Content of Different Iranian Garlic (Allium sativum L.) Ecotypes
Due to the development of garlic cultivation, quantitative and qualitative evaluations of garlic ecotypes in different regions are important for breeding purposes. In this study, some vegetative and phytochemical traits of eight Iranian garlic ecotypes were assayed in a RCBD with three replications at Darab Agricultural Research Station, Iran during 2017-2018 growing season. The results showed that there is a significant difference among garlic ecotypes in terms of studied traits (P <0.01). In general, Tarom and Tafresh ecotypes showed the highest plant height, number of leaves, length of garlic leaves, leaf width, fresh weight, dry weight and the highest bulb diameter. Highest dry weight of garlic bulb (g) per plant was obtained in Darab (79.0 g), Tarom (75.5 g), and Talesh (75.0 g) ecotypes, with no significant difference among them (P ≥ 0.01). Hamedan and Kerman ecotypes contained higher allicin content, alliin content, TPC, TFC, and TAC than the other ecotypes. Cluster analysis divided ecotypes into three distinct groups. Talesh and Hamedan ecotypes had the lowest similarity (0.34) and Darab and Tafresh ecotypes had the highest similarity (0.97). It can be concluded that Tarom, Tafresh, Hamedan, and Kerman can be recommended for cultivation depending on the quantitative (Tarom and Tafresh) and qualitative (Hamedan and Kerman) goals of cultivation
https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_82060_319faff5766a0195f13e44b574aa42e7.pdf
2021-10-01
385
400
10.22059/ijhst.2020.303657.373
Allicin
Alliin
flavonoid
Natural variation
Total antioxidant capacity
Ali
Akbarpour
ali.akbarpour28811@gmail.com
1
Department of Horticultural Science, Yasooj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yasooj, Iran
AUTHOR
Bijan
Kavoosi
kavoosi696@gmail.com
2
Horticulture Crops Research Department, Fars Agricultural Research and Natural Resource and Education Center, AREEO, Shiraz, Iran
AUTHOR
Mehdi
Hosseinifarahi
m.hosseini.farahi@gmail.com
3
Seed and Plant Improvement Department, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, AREEO, Darab, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Sirous
Tahmasebi
stahmasebi2000@yahoo.com
4
Seed and Plant Improvement Department, Fars Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center, AREEO, Darab, Iran.
AUTHOR
Sedigheh
Gholipour
sedighegholipour1981@gmail.com
5
Department of Chemistry, Yasooj Branch, Islamic Azad University, Yasooj, Iran.
AUTHOR
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ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Improving of Winter Cold Hardiness by Glycine Betaine in Strawberry
One of the most important problems of strawberry cultivation in temperate regions is winter cold injuries. Current study investigated impacts of foliar application of glycine betaine (GB) at 0, 0.5, 1, 2 and 4 mM concentrations on the cold hardiness of strawberry. The plants were divided into two groups: one group for evaluation of cold hardiness at temperatures of -6, -9, -12, -15 and -18 °C; and the other for study of some biochemical characteristics. Results showed that GB treatment increased soluble carbohydrate and proline concentrations in both leaf and crown tissues, total protein concentration in leaf, and relative water content in leaf as compared to those in control. Based on LT50 calculated from electrolyte leakage and tetrazolium staining test, the GB application increased cold hardiness in strawberry plant based on its concentration. The highest cold hardiness was found in the 2 mM GB concentration based on electrolyte leakage and tetrazolium staining tests at -13.3 and -15.3 °C. Meanwhile, the lowest values of cold hardiness were observed in the control treatments based on electrolyte leakage and tetrazolium staining tests at -10.2 and -11.0 °C. Significant correlations were found between soluble carbohydrate and proline concentrations in leaf and crown, and total protein concentration with LT50 calculated from electrolyte leakage and tetrazolium staining test. We conclude that application of 2 mM GBhas the capacity to increase the freezing tolerance of strawberry and could be used as a prophylactic tool to reduce winter cold injury.
https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_82185_af9bab1a1daf0a4edb661d7ca146bcf5.pdf
2021-10-01
401
413
10.22059/ijhst.2020.298478.348
Carbohydrate
Cold stress
electrolyte leakage
LT50
proline
Tetrazolium staining test
Hassan
Sarikhani
sarikhani@basu.ac.ir
1
Department of Horticultural Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
Mohammad-Sadegh
Safariyan-Nejad
mmohamadsadegh1111111@gmail.com
2
Department of Horticultural Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
AUTHOR
Adak N. 2019. Effects of glycine betaine concentrations on the agronomic characteristics of strawberry grown under deficit irrigation conditions. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research 17(2), 3753-3767.
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53
ORIGINAL_ARTICLE
Grape Seed and Skin Extracts as Natural Preserving Agents on Strawberry Fruit
Concerning highly restricted application of chemicals in postharvest technology of horticultural crops, it is necessary to introduce the safe methods for preserving food or methods of food preservation. This study aimed to improve quality and prolong storage life of strawberry fruit by application of grape seed and fruit skin extracts and to compare them with calcium chloride as a chemical. In this study, strawberry fruit was individually immersed in the 1% and 2% CaCl2 solutions, seed and skin extracts (1 and 2 mg L-1) and then placed in polyethylene packaging for 24 d at 5±1 °C. Measurements of firmness, titrable acid, pH, weight loss, total antioxidant capacity, total phenolic, anthocyanin, vitamin C, enzymes' activity including catalase, peroxidase, and polyphenol oxidase and decay were carried out at 0, 6, 12, 18, and 24 d of storage. All applied treatments caused a significant effect on measured parameters including weight loss, titratable acidity, decay percentage and firmness, maintenance of anthocyanin and vitamin C contents, total phenolic, and antioxidant capacity. However, grape skin extract and grape seed extract showed the best results. Therefore, it can be concluded that Shiraz dark grape seed and skin extracts have the potential to control the decay incidence, prolong the storage life and preserve of postharvest valuable attributes of strawberry.
https://ijhst.ut.ac.ir/article_82186_701f7b131a11a62124efdc13607841a6.pdf
2021-10-01
415
429
10.22059/ijhst.2020.296220.336
Grape seed extract
Grape skin extract
Safe control
storage life
strawberry
Parvaneh
Mohammadi-Benaruiyeh
pmohammadi95@yahoo.com
1
M. Sc. Horticultural Science Department, Agriculture and Natural Resources College, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
AUTHOR
Gholam Reza
Sharifi-Sirchi
sharifisirchi@yahoo.com
2
Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
LEAD_AUTHOR
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