Tahereh Parvaneh; Hossein Afshari; Somayeh Naseri
Abstract
Internal conditions and external display of grafted fruit trees are the results of rootstock effects on nutrient uptake, type and amount of rootstock inductive effects on the scion, and scion consumption. Effect of grafting combination on nutrient content, phenyl propanoid pathway enzymes and their effect ...
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Internal conditions and external display of grafted fruit trees are the results of rootstock effects on nutrient uptake, type and amount of rootstock inductive effects on the scion, and scion consumption. Effect of grafting combination on nutrient content, phenyl propanoid pathway enzymes and their effect on secondary metabolites production of apple leaves was investigated in two consecutive years. Two Iranian red flesh apple cultivars and ‘Red delicious’ cultivar grafted on M9, B9 and one red flesh apple colony rootstock of Bekran were tested in a factorial randomized complete block design. To make a noticeable difference in the amount of nutrients in samples, the treatments in the second year were fertilized. Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium were measured in leaves for two years. Also PAL (Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase) and UFGT (UDP-glucose: flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase) enzymes activity, phenolic compounds and flavonoids were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) in vegetative tissues. According to results of this study, among studied rootstocks, M9 was able to accumulate and maintain high concentration of minerals in leaves. Red flesh apples are capable of production of secondary metabolites if they grafted on rootstocks with higher absorption rate. In this way, they can meet the goal of secondary metabolites production. Also, our results showed that calcium was effective in production of all phenolic and flavonoid compounds and induction of UFGT enzyme activity.Abbreviations: N, Nitrogen; P, Phosphorus; K, Potassium; Ca, Calcium; Fe, Iron; Zn, Zinc; PAL, Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase; UFGT, UDP-glucose: flavonoid 3-O-glucosyltransferase; HPLC, High-performance liquid chromatography; BA, Bastam; BE, Bekran
Mohammadmehdi Norozi; Babak ValizadehKaji; Rouhollah Karimi; Mohammadali Nikoogoftar Sedghi
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of foliar applications of potassium and zinc on the fruit yield and quality as well as leaf nutrient concentrations of pistachio cv. ‘Chrokeh’. The experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized block design with nine treatments ...
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The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of foliar applications of potassium and zinc on the fruit yield and quality as well as leaf nutrient concentrations of pistachio cv. ‘Chrokeh’. The experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized block design with nine treatments and three replications per treatment. Treatments were three levels of K2SO4 (0, 1 and 2%) and three levels of ZnSO4 (0, 0.5 and 1%). The nutrition solutions were sprayed on trees at two times (bud swell stage and green tip stage) in 2017–2018. Based on the obtained results, nutrient treatments especially 1% K2SO4+1% ZnSO4 and 2% K2SO4+1% ZnSO4 caused a significant increase in chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoid contents. Application of K2SO4 and ZnSO4 significantly affected concentrations of P, K, Mg, Zn, Mn and Fe in the leaves of ‘Chrokeh’ pistachio, whereas nutrient treatments had no significant effect on leaf concentration of N. Nutrient treatments especially 2% K2SO4+1% ZnSO4 led to significant increases in the fresh (up to 65%) and dry (up to 67%) yield when compared with the control trees. Moreover, nutrient applications had a significant effect on the percentage of splitting (an 11 % increase) and blankness (a 26% decrease). It can be concluded that foliar application of K and Zn fertilizers is necessary for obtaining better fruit yield and quality in pistachio.
Negin Akhlaghi Amiri; Ali Asadi Kangarshahi; Kazem Arzani; Mohsen Barzegar
Abstract
Summer fruit drop (June drop) is one of the main reasons for low yield in some citrus varieties in northern Iran. Recognition of physiological changes in fruit abscission zone (calyx) and application of suitable treatments would reduce or control abscission. Hence, the changes of auxin, cellulose, and ...
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Summer fruit drop (June drop) is one of the main reasons for low yield in some citrus varieties in northern Iran. Recognition of physiological changes in fruit abscission zone (calyx) and application of suitable treatments would reduce or control abscission. Hence, the changes of auxin, cellulose, and polygalacturonase in calyx of Thomson navel fruitlets were measured and their relations with abscission and mineral nutrition of fruitlets as well as the effect of different treatments on them at June drop were evaluated. A randomized complete block design (RCBD) experiment was performed with 8 treatments and 4 replicates. Treatments were as follows: 1. control; 2. urea (1%); 3. urea + 2,4-D (15 mg l-1); 4.urea + GA3 (15 mg l-1); 5.urea + sucrose (1%); 6.urea + ZnSO4 (0.5%); 7. urea + ZnSO4 + 2,4-D; and 8. urea + ZnSO4 + GA3. Results showed that abscission had a significant negative correlation with auxin and a significant positive correlation with cellulase and polygalacturonase of the calyx. The control group had the lowest auxin and the highest cellulase in calyx. Maximum effect (Approximately 24% reduction in abscission) was obtained after foliar application of urea + sucrose (treatments 5). The use of urea alone or in combination with 2, 4-D and GA3 had no effect on abscission; however, using it in combination with sucrose was the most efficient treatment in this experiment. Furthermore, the combination of urea and Zn provided an effective treatment. A majority of micronutrients (Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and B) had a positive correlation with auxin and a negative correlation with enzymes. Therefore, nutritional management and providing an appropriate condition to maximize photosynthesis can balance physiological metabolism and reduce fruitlets abscission.
